Sunday, January 26, 2020
Data Analysis Chapter Analysis
Data Analysis Chapter Analysis Part One: Based on my NTU username (N0687816), my data set is: (0,6,8,7,8,1,6) Section A) Forming a 99% confidence interval for my data set:   Our confidence interval is: We can therefore say with 99% confidence that the mean number of tattoos per student for the population of all students at NTU is between 0.54 and 9.74 Using Minitab for a 99% confidence interval for data set (0,0,0,1,3,3,7): Section B) Looking for evidence at the 97% confidence level of a difference between the samples: Sample 1 (0,6,8,7,8,1,6) Sample 2 (0,0,0,1,3,3,7) Sample sizes Sample means Sample variances I am going to use a two-sample T test to analyse this data as there are two small samples formed from data that is not paired. We can say with 97% confidence that there is no difference between the two samples. Using Minitab: Section C) Testing data from trialing a new inhaler Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 Person 7 Before 0 6 8 7 8 1 6 After 0 0 0 1 3 3 7 To analyse this data, I will use a paired T-test as there are two sets of data for the same group of people (before and after using an inhaler). It is also unknown if the data is normally distributed and the sample is small which are both other factors which suggest the use of a T test. This test could be one or two tailed depending on whether you were looking for an improvement/reduction or a general change. In this case, however, we want the inhalers to have improved the peoples lung function so we will do a one tailed test. Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis. (The data is for recovery time in seconds so a reduction in the mean recovery time shows an improvement in lung function). Decision Rule: Performing the test: Let So There is not a specified confidence interval so I will use a 95% confidence interval so: Therefore:   We can therefore say with 95% confidence that the inhaler did improve the lung function of the people who used it. Testing the Manufacturers Claim I am going to use a one tailed hypothesis test. This is because it does not matter if the inhaler improves lung function in over 80% of cases, only if it does not reach this claim. I will take to be that and to be that . The lung function recovery time reduced in four of the seven trials so 4 events out of 7 trials, leading to and Part Two: Section A) The Lady Tasting Tea Experiment The lady tasting tea experiment was a statistical experiment conducted by Ronald Fisher. As explained in The lady tasting tea experiment (Winkler, 2015), a lady claimed she could tell whether milk or tea was poured first in a cup of tea she tasted. Ronald Fishers book The Design of Experiments (see Winkler, 2015) outlined the ideas behind this test: [It] consists in mixing eight cups of tea, four in one way and four in the other, and presenting them to the subject for judgement in a random order. The subject has been told in advance [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] that she will be asked to taste eight cups, that these shall be four of each kind Fisher, 1935. According to Imai (2016), Fisher introduces the idea of a null hypothesis, which in this case, is the idea that the woman is guessing and cannot actually distinguish between the cups. Fisher then used the ladys answers to work out the likelihood of her getting this result whilst guessing. From this, he found that there were 70 ways to choose 4 cups out of 8 and that from these, there was 1 way of getting none and four correct, 16 ways of getting one and three correct and 36 ways of getting two correct, as shown by Inglis-Arkell (2015). Although pioneering, however, the test itself was not powerful. As explained by Stark (2010), the small sample size caused the probability of her guessing randomly only coming out less than 0.05 (the condition required to reject the null hypothesis) if she got a perfect score. This is because guessing all four correctly carried a probability of whereas guessing three out of four correctly carried a probability of . This issue would have been reduced with a much bigger sample size. For another mathematical example, we will look at the following question: Suppose the lady samples 10 cups of tea, among which 5 had the teapoured first and 5 had the milk poured first.a. What is the probability she correctly identifies all five cups which had the tea poured first? Sloughter, 2006. Following the logic displayed by Stark (2010) for the lady tasting tea problem, there would be only 1 way of choosing all five correctly. Using the formula (Simmons, 2016), we get ways of choosing five cups of tea out of the ten. This means that the probability of getting all five correct is . As stated by Inglis-Arkell (2015), the number of cups that the lady guessed correctly is unknown. Despite this, the lady tasting tea experiment is still extremely influential and led to Ronald Fisher being praised for his book The Design of Experiments due to how clearly he explained why randomisation is important and how he decided what would be acceptable evidence to accept or reject a statement. Reference List Imai, K., 2013. Statistical Hypothesis Tests [online]. Princeton University. Available at: http://imai.princeton.edu/teaching/files/tests.pdf [Accessed 9th January 2017]. Inglis-Arkell, E., 2015. How A Tea Party Turned Into A Scientific Legend [online]. Io9. Available at: http://io9.gizmodo.com/how-a-tea-party-turned-into-a-scientific-legend-1706697488 [Accessed 9th December 2016]. Simmons, B., 2016. Combination Formula [online]. Mathwords. Available at: http://www.mathwords.com/c/combination_formula.htm [Accessed 9th January 2017]. Sloughter, D., 2006. Mathematics of a Lady Tasting Tea [online]. Furman University. Available at: http://math.furman.edu/~dcs/courses/math15/lectures/lecture-19.pdf [Accessed 9th December 2016]. Stark, P., 2010. StichiGui [online]. Available at: https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~stark/Teach/S240/Notes/ch3.htm [Accessed 9th January 2017]. Winkler, A. 2015. The lady tasting tea experiment [online]. Brainder. Available at: https://brainder.org/2015/08/23/the-lady-tasting-tea-and-fishers-exact-test/ [Accessed 5th December 2016]. Declaration: 1. I am aware of the Universitys rules on plagiarism and collusion and I understand that, if I am found to have broken these rules, it will be treated as Academic Misconduct and dealt with accordingly. I understand that if I lend this piece of work to another student and they copy all or part of it, either with or without my knowledge or permission, I shall be guilty of collusion. 2. In submitting this work I confirm that I am aware of, and am abiding by, the Universitys expectations for proof-reading. 3. I understand that I must submit this coursework by the time and date published. I also understand that if this coursework is submitted late it will, if submitted within 5 working days of the deadline date and time, be given a pass mark as a maximum mark. If received more than 5 working days after the deadline date and time, it will receive a mark of 0%. For referred or repeat coursework, I understand that if the coursework is not submitted by the published date and time, a mark of 0% will be automatically awarded. 4. I understand that it is entirely my responsibility to ensure that I hand in my full and complete coursework and that any missing pages handed in after the deadline will be disregarded. 5. I understand that the above rules apply even in the eventuality of computer or other information technology failures. Sign                                                                                                  Date Georgia Mold09/01/2017 _______________________________                                        ________________________
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Ignou Mba
ASSIGNMENT Course Code :MS-7 Course Title : Information Systems for Managers Assignment Code : MS-07/TMA/SEM-I/2013 Coverage :All Blocks Note : Attempt all the questions and submit this assignment on or before 30th April, 2013 to the coordinator of your study center. 1. (a) Is Information Technology as vital to modern global business as money? Why or why not? Discuss some trends in IT development. (b) Write a note on input and output devices. Distinguish between human data input devices and source data capture devices. 2. a) Discuss the objectives and process of computer aided decision support system. (b) Describe the decision making process of acquiring application software. 3. (a) Define MIS. Describe the functions that MIS supports in an organization. (b) What are the various ways of assessing the value of information? Explain each method briefly. 4. (a) Is outsourcing information systems a better proposition in most of the situations? Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. (b) Discuss the three major areas of feasibility, which are addressed in system analysis? . Write short notes on any four of the following: a) Open Source Software b) Stealth and Polymorphic Viruses c) MRP II d) Information System and TQM e) Genetic Algorithms â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Management Programme ASSIGNMENT FIRST SEMESTER 2013 MS – 07: Information Systems for Managers [pic] School of Management Studies INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI – 110 068 MS-55: LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT [pic] School of Management Studies INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI – 110 068 MS-07
Thursday, January 9, 2020
The Appeal of Speech Essay Topics
The Appeal of Speech Essay Topics Multiparty politics is the best way to go. Excellent topics for speech on sociological questions can result in positive outcome and self-education. Take notes concerning all possible topics it's possible to consider. Therefore, you've got to locate enough substantial evidence for the specific topic. Okay, now you have the fundamentals about how to select an informative essay topic, let's dig into some fantastic ideas! If you would like to learn to compose a speech, you will certainly require some strategies and advices. Decide on a topic you understand well. Still, you need to make your topic more specific. Sometimes picking a topic may take a couple of days. Psychological problems like depression and anxiety can increase the probability of being injured during exercise. Parents need to talk to their children about drugs at a youthful age. There are different kinds of conflict on earth, for example, workplace and home conflicts. Sure, with this kind of a huge selection of topics to select from, picking just one may be challenging. If you would like to tackle some more complicated issues which do not discuss advantages of sports but instead concentrate on debated topics instead, look at using one of the subsequent sports topics to write about modern-day problems. In such cases, you don't need to choose topics that require a great deal of research and preparation. Moreover, the speaker has to make sure that they don't alienate the audience even as they present their genuine perspective about it. Deciding upon the proper topic for a persuasive speech is occasionally not such an easy issue to do as it might seem. You'll only have to get all of your visual aids together so you could present your audience step by step what you are going to be speaking about. There are professionals who can assist you to ensure it is better or make everything for you in a couple of hours. The very first step is to obtain a suitable topic for the speech. Is it true that the paparazzi help or hinder the goal of completely free press. Along with the outline, you can list the fundamental needs of the job, and any assumption you're making. An early outline ensures your audience that it's not too tricky. There are several topics to talk about and such a brief period to prepare your speech. There are occasions when you're requested to deliver a persuasive speech in a short time. Whatever the case, it's always a better idea to work with a topic that is very close to you and that you get a genuine interest in, rather than just picking a random topic. The topical outline about the overall discussion of the subject region of social work is an effortless supply of topics for essays on social work because it's structured in a manner that it's simple for students to discover and select certain topics. Once a while every student is requested to compose a speech and perform before the audience. Finding the subject of your interest will allow you to work harder on your project and show your style in the easiest way possible. The Dirty Facts About Speech Essay Topics Students need to be careful about posting on social networking. They have to complete a lot of writing assignments during college years. They should be allowed to listen to music during prep time. They should be allowed to pray in school. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. You're an actual topic enthusiast! All things considered, you are going to want to be knowledgeable before delivering any speech. Writing persuasive speech is a difficult job for many students.
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
The Partition of India and Creation of Pakistan
The Partition of India was the process of dividing the subcontinent along sectarian lines, which took place in 1947 as India gained its independence from the British Raj. The northern, predominantly Muslim sections of India became the nation of Pakistan, while the southern and majority Hindu section became the Republic of India. Fast Facts: the Partition of India Short Description: At the time of Indian independence from Great Britain, the subcontinent was broken into two partsKey Players/Participants: Muhammed Ali Jinnah, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohandas Gandhi, Louis Mountbatten, Cyril RadcliffeEvent Start Date: End of World War II, the ouster of Churchill, and the ascension of the Labour Party in BritainEvent End Date: Aug. 17, 1947Other Significant Dates: The Jan. 30, 1948, the assassination of Mohandas Gandhi; Aug. 14, 1947, the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; Aug. 15, 1947, the creation of the Republic of IndiaLittle-Known Fact: In the 19th century, sectarian Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu communities shared Indias cities and countryside and cooperated to force Britain to Quit India; it was only after independence became a potential reality that religious hatred began to roil. Background to Partition Beginning in 1757, the British commercial enterprise known as the East India Company ruled parts of the subcontinent beginning with Bengal, a period known as the Company Rule or Company Raj. In 1858, after the brutal Sepoy Rebellion, the rule of India was transferred to the English crown, with Queen Victoria proclaimed as Empress of India in 1878. By the latter half of the 19th century, England had brought the full force of the Industrial Revolution to the region, with railroads, canals, bridges, and telegraph lines providing new communication links and opportunities. Most of the jobs created went to the English; much of the land used for these advances came from the farmers and were paid for by local taxes. Medical advances under the Company and British Raj, such as smallpox vaccinations, improved sanitation, and quarantine procedures, led to a steep rise in population. Protectionist landlords depressed agricultural innovations in the rural areas, and as a result, famines broke out. The worst was known as the Great Famine of 1876–1878, when between 6–10 million people died. Universities established in India led to a new middle class, and in turn, social reform and political action began to rise. The Rise of Sectarian Separation In 1885, the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress (INC) met for the first time. When the British made an attempt to divide the state of Bengal along religious lines in 1905, the INC led huge protests against the plan. This sparked the formation of the Muslim League, which sought to guarantee the rights of Muslims in any future independence negotiations. Although the Muslim League formed in opposition to the INC, and the British colonial government attempted to play the INC and Muslim League off one another, the two political parties generally cooperated in their mutual goal of getting Britain to Quit India. As British historian Yasmin Khan (born 1977) has described, political events were to destroy the long-term future of that uneasy alliance. In 1909, the British gave separate electorates to different religious communities, which had the outcome of hardening of boundaries among the different sects. The colonial government emphasized these differences, by such activities as providing separate restroom and water facilities for Muslims and Hindus at the railway terminals. By the 1920s, a heightened sense of religious ethnicity became apparent. Riots broke out at such times as during Holi festival, when sacred cows were slaughtered, or when Hindu religious music was played in front of mosques at prayer time. World War I and Afterward Despite the growing unrest, both the INC and the Muslim League supported sending Indian volunteer troops to fight on Britains behalf in World War I. In exchange for the service of more than one million Indian soldiers, the people of India expected political concessions up to and including independence. However, after the war, Britain offered no such concessions. In April 1919, a unit of the British Army went to Amritsar, in Punjab, to silence pro-independence unrest. The units commander ordered his men to open fire on the unarmed crowd, killing more than 1,000 protesters. When word of the Amritsar Massacre spread around India, hundreds of thousands of formerly apolitical people became supporters of the INC and the Muslim League. In the 1930s, Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1948) became the leading figure in the INC. Although he advocated a unified Hindu and Muslim India, with equal rights for all, other INC members were less inclined to join with Muslims against the British. As a result, the Muslim League began to make plans for a separate Muslim state. World War II World War II sparked a crisis in relations between the British, the INC, and the Muslim League. The British government expected India once again to provide much-needed soldiers and material for the war effort, but the INC opposed sending Indians to fight and die in Britains war. After the betrayal following World War I, the INC saw no benefit for India in such a sacrifice. The Muslim League, however, decided to back Britains call for volunteers, in an effort to curry British favor in support of a Muslim nation in post-independence northern India. Before the war had even ended, public opinion in Britain had swung against the distraction and expense of empire: the cost of the war had severely depleted Britains coffers. The party of British prime minister Winston Churchill (1874–1965) was voted out of office, and the pro-independence Labour Party was voted in during 1945. Labour called for almost immediate independence for India, as well as more gradual freedom for Britains other colonial holdings. A Separate Muslim State The Muslim Leagues leader, Muhammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), began a public campaign in favor of a separate Muslim state, while Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) of the INC called for a unified India. The INC leaders such as Nehru were in favor of a united India since Hindus would have formed the vast majority of the Indian population and would have been in control of any democratic form of government. As independence neared, the country began to descend toward a sectarian civil war. Although Gandhi implored the Indian people to unite in peaceful opposition to British rule, the Muslim League sponsored a Direct Action Day on August 16, 1946, which resulted in the deaths of more than 4,000 Hindus and Sikhs in Calcutta (Kolkata). This touched off the Week of the Long Knives, an orgy of sectarian violence that resulted in hundreds of deaths on both sides in various cities across the country. Indian Independence Act of 1947 In February 1947, the British government announced that India would be granted independence by June 1948. Viceroy for India Louis Mountbatten (1900–1979) pleaded with the Hindu and Muslim leaders to agree to form a united country, but they could not. Only Gandhi supported Mountbattens position. With the country descending further into chaos, Mountbatten reluctantly agreed to the formation of two separate states. Mountbatten proposed that the new state of Pakistan would be created from the Muslim-majority provinces of Baluchistan and Sindh, and the two contested provinces of Punjab and Bengal would be halved, creating a Hindu Bengal and Punjab, and Muslim Bengal and Punjab. The plan gained agreement from the Muslim League and the INC, and it was announced on June 3, 1947. The date for independence was moved up to Aug. 15, 1947, and all that was left was fine-tuning, determining the physical border separating the two new states. Difficulties of Separation With the decision in favor of partition made, the parties next faced this nearly impossible task of fixing a border between the new states. The Muslims occupied two main regions in the north on opposite sides of the country, separated by a majority-Hindu section. In addition, throughout most of northern India, members of the two religions were mixed togetherâ€â€not to mention populations of Sikhs, Christians, and other minority faiths. The Sikhs campaigned for a nation of their own, but their appeal was denied. In the wealthy and fertile region of Punjab, the problem was extreme, with a nearly even mixture of Hindus and Muslims. Neither side wanted to relinquish this valuable land, and sectarian hatred ran high.  Ravi C. The Radcliffe Line To identify the final or real border, Mountbatten established a Boundary Commission under the chairmanship of Cyril Radcliffe (1899–1977), a British judge and rank outsider. Radcliffe arrived in India on July 8 and published the demarcation line a mere six weeks later on August 17. Punjabi and Bengali legislators were to have a chance to vote on a potential split of the provinces, and a plebiscite for or against joining Pakistan would be necessary for the North-West Frontier Province. Radcliffe was given five weeks to complete the demarcation. He had no background in Indian affairs, nor did he have any prior experience in adjudicating such disputes. He was a confident amateur, in the words of Indian historian Joya Chatterji, chosen because Radcliffe was supposedly a nonpartisan and thus apolitical actor. Jinnah had proposed a single commission made up of three impartial persons; but Nehru suggested two commissions, one for Bengal and one for Punjab. They would each be made up of an independent chairman, and two people nominated by the Muslim League and two by the INC. Radcliffe served as both chairs: his job was to put together a rough-and-ready plan for dividing each province as soon as possible, with the fine details to be resolved later. On Aug. 14, 1947, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was founded. The following day, the Republic of India was established to the south. On Aug. 17, 1947, Radcliffes award was published. The Award The Radcliffe line drew the border right down the middle of Punjab province, between Lahore and Amritsar. The award gave West Bengal an area of some 28,000 square miles, containing a population of 21 million people, of whom about 29 percent were Muslims. East Bengal got 49,000 square miles with a population of 39 million, of whom 29 percent were Hindu. In essence, the award created two states in which the ratio of the minority population was almost identical. When the reality of the Partition hit home, residents who found themselves on the wrong side of the Radcliffe line felt extreme confusion and dismay. Worse still, most people did not have access to the printed document, and they simply did not know their immediate future. For more than a year after the award was made, rumors spread through the border communities that they would wake up to find the borders had changed again. Post-Partition Violence On both sides, people scrambled to get onto the right side of the border or were driven from their homes by their erstwhile neighbors. At least 10 million people fled north or south, depending on their faith, and more than 500,000 were killed in the melee. Trains full of refugees were set upon by militants from both sides, and the passengers massacred. On Dec. 14, 1948, Nehru and the Pakistan Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan (1895–1951) signed the Inter-Dominion Agreement in a desperate attempt to calm the waters. The tribunal was ordered to resolve the boundary disputes growing out of the Radcliffe Line Award, to be headed by Swedish judge Algot Bagge and two high-court judges, C. Aiyar of India and M. Shahabuddin of Pakistan. That tribunal announced its findings in February 1950, clearing up some of the doubts and misinformation, but leaving difficulties in the definition and administration of the border. Aftermath of Partition According to historian Chatterji, the new border ruptured agricultural communities and divided towns from the hinterlands that they had habitually relied on to supply their needs. Markets were lost and had to be reintegrated or reinvented; supply railheads were separated, as were families. The result was messy, with cross-border smuggling emerging as a thriving enterprise and an increased military presence on both sides. On Jan. 30, 1948, Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a young Hindu radical for his support of a multi-religious state. Separately from Indias partition, Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gained independence in 1948; Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971. Since August 1947, India and Pakistan have fought three major wars and one minor war over territorial disputes. The boundary line in Jammu and Kashmir is particularly troubled. These regions were not formally part of the British Raj in India, but were quasi-independent princely states; the ruler of Kashmir agreed to join India despite having a Muslim majority in his territory, resulting in tension and warfare to this day. In 1974, India tested its first nuclear weapon. Pakistan followed in 1998. Thus, any exacerbation of post-Partition tensions todayâ€â€such as Indias August 2019 crackdown on Kashmiri independenceâ€â€could be catastrophic. Sources Ahmad, Nafis. The Indo-Pakistan Boundary Disputes Tribunal, 1949–1950. Geographical Review 43.3 (1953): 329–37. Print.Brass, Paul R. The Partition of India and Retributive Genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: Means, Methods, and Purposes 1. Journal of Genocide Research 5.1 (2003): 71–101. Print.Chatterji, Joya. The Fashioning of a Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and Bengals Border Landscape, 1947–52. Modern Asian Studies 33.1 (1999): 185–242. Print.Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017. Print.Wilcox, Wayne. The Economic Consequences of Partition: India and Pakistan. Journal of International Affairs 18.2 (1964): 188–97. Print.
Tuesday, December 24, 2019
Tikal and the Mayan Civilization - 575 Words
Photo 1: Tikal Temple I This temple was one of the major structures at Tikal. Tikal is one of the largest cities during the Mayan civilization. This temple is also known as the Temple of the Great Jaguar. It was called this because it shows a king sitting upon a jaguar throne. This specific temple was limestone pyramid structure. It was created around 732 AD. This building was created on the east side of the Great Plaza in Tikal. The structure was a funerary temple for a ruler during the classical period. The tomb of the ruler has been located in side of the structure. This type of temple raised nine stepped levels. This is supposed to symbolize the nine levels of the underworld. The pyramid was a shrine of the ruler and a cared wooden lintel. The lintels were carved from a sapodilla wood and painted red. The front had stone blocks carved to represent the figure of the king. This was a royal tomb for Jasaw Chan K’awiil I. The tomb was discovered in a large chamber within the pyramid and below the level of the Great Plaza. Tikal was once a city with around 90,000 people. This civilization was created during the â€Å"Classical†period of the Mayan civilization. Photo 2: Waist pendant of a Queen Mother, from Benin, Nigeria The Queen mother was also known as Queen Idia. She was the mother of Esigie, who ruled from 1504 to 1550. Idia played an important role in the rise and reign of her son. Idia was a strong warrior. As the mother of the king she had no other children. ThisShow MoreRelatedCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words  | 5 PagesCollapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. 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Monday, December 16, 2019
Ops 571 Week 4 Team Free Essays
Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan OPS/571 November 1, 2012 Zachary Burk Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is a fortune 1000 company with revenues in excess of $1 billion (University of Phoenix, 2012). This wholly owned company is a global plastics manufacturer that employs 550 people with annual earnings of $46 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Ops 571 Week 4 Team or any similar topic only for you Order Now Riordan has a reputation for being an industry leader in the industry of polymer materials and has various clout heavy clients such as the Department of Defense and major automotive companies. The company recently went global by relocating its Michigan operation of fan manufacturing to China. This paper will explain lean production and capacity planning for the new process design and supply chain process for Riordan. Strategic Capacity Planning The goal of strategic capacity planning for Riordan Manufacturing’s is to maximize the level of output and return of investment. Riordan Manufacturing’s should create a small sister plant to China in Michigan. If we are able to create a scaled down version of the plastic molding machines from the China plant, the plastic polymers safety storage from this facility can become the regular shipment to the Michigan facility. By creating the Michigan mini-facility Riordan Manufacturing could shift the smaller customized fan orders manufacturing and excess polymer inventory from the Hangzhou facility. By reinvesting in the Michigan facility and the United States economy, Riordan Manufacturing will be better equipped to meet the clients demanding more from Riordan’s Pontiac, Michigan location. It is clear that the China plant sustains an efficient delivery rate and maintains ample safety stock of polymer material. The Hangzhou China plant has a sufficient supply of plastic polymer because the raw material can be purchased locally. â€Å"Customers normally negotiate their yearly requirements for fans in order to obtain the lowest price. They then provide periodic release orders for smaller quantities against the yearly total throughout the year†(University of Phoenix, 2012). As a manufacturer, Riordan machine hours per shift prove profitable when the number of units per shift performs at optimal levels. The China plant has processes that can be utilized within the company in different ways to encourage increased utilization and productivity at the Michigan plant in the United States. In addition, the China facility has a reliable shipping process that makes shipping the assembled or any raw material to the United States facility seamless. Lean Production Riordan Manufacturing operates a plastics plant in Hangzhou, China that acts as a decentralized unit of Riordan Manufacturing and produces electric fans (University of Phoenix, 2012). Lean Production for Riordan Manufacturing new process design will be done by making sure that they are providing quality products and services. Riordan Manufacturing is a leading name in the field of plastic injection molding. A new process design is needed for manufacturing facilities in China. All of their products are shipped to customers, which are expected to be restricted within a timeframe that could lead to a bottleneck. The lean production process will be provided in the new process design improvements that will take the company to a better stage of production and coordination. Riordan should evaluate their review process to make sure that the changes that are needed are in accordance to the data collected from the post project review. Important questions are helpful in improving lean production and improving efficiencies. Lean production requires Riordan manufacturing to implement production strategies that are often an issue for this company. The issues with the current process will be improved through suggestions. Supply Chain Processes Local procurement of materials provides an ease in production at the plant in Hangzhou. Costs are one area that attention is paid so that they can be kept within reason ensuring an affordable product. Throughout the process careful negotiations must be done to ensure there are adequate materials as well as manpower to fulfill the orders that have been placed by customers. The plant has the ability to produce a large amount of stock fans as well as special order merchandise. With specialty orders the process for procurement shift slightly because of the unique nature of the order and the variety of materials that may be used as well. With the procurement of the polymer done locally this also expedites the production process simply because logistics will not be an issue. The necessary machinery for manufacturing is onsite for quick manufacturing times that can quickly move into the production lines for assembly. Assembly leads way into storage for sales. Orders can be filled at the plant as well as shipped directly to the buyer both within China and internationally. Depending on the final destination of the merchandise there are multiple companies that are used to ensure the fastest shipping time to the buyer. Potential trouble could arise if there was difficulty in procuring polymer. If this were to occur Riordan would have to locate the materials that can be transported to the plant to ensure there is no slow in the process. Also if this does become an issue there must be ample stock kept on hand to ensure the plant does not run out of the main item used in the manufacturing process. Conclusion Riordan will face challenges with taking its electric fan operation global. The organization will be to implement carefully planned strategic processes to ensure the success of this transition. Being mindful of their output levels and creating a mini facility in the United States will increase Riordan’s efficiency. By creating lean production processes and utilizing the organization’s local resources for its polymer materials will assist the company in sustaining performance and maintaining the competitive advantage. References University of Phoenix: Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. (2012). Retrieved October 28, 2012 from University of Phoenix website: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/index. html How to cite Ops 571 Week 4 Team, Papers
Sunday, December 8, 2019
Concept of Separate Legal Entity and Consequences of Corporate Personality free essay sample
Discuss the concept of separate legal entity and consequences of corporate personality on a company; as part of the discussion present your opinion whether the judiciary can ignore the rule of separate corporate personality and how the said rule will affect group of companies. Under the concept of separate legal entity, a company will becomes a body corporate that exists separately with its owner and distinct from its individual members and directors. In others word, the corporation is an entity just like human being created using legal and official purpose. A company once created by the law can only be destroyed by the process of law. The company exist in its own capacity and does business, generate revenues, incur losses, hire employees and pay for its own tax. It is better to recognize the company as a separate entity because the owners can enjoy the limited liability and risk based on their investment in stock. However, under this concept, the company is treated in its own capacity. It is not human, not a machine, and it cannot operate by itself. Therefore, it must need a group of people of different capacity to manage it ethically and represent it in theirs vested authorities. The separate legal entity has its roots in the landmark case of the English House of Lord in Salomon v. A Salomon amp; Co Ltd. Aron Salomon is a leather merchant and wholesale boot manufacturer trading on his sole account. In year 1892, he decided to change his business to a limited company. The company purchase the business for ? 39,000 and ? 0,000 was being transferred into the business as fully paid shares. ?10,000 was paid in debentures and ? 1,000 was received by Aron Salomon to discharge the debts and liabilities during the purchase. A year after its incorporation, the company become insolvent and went into liquidation. The company was set out by the way of counterclaim, inter alia, so that the company was entitled to be indemnified by Aron Salomon against all debt of the company. The court held that Aron Salomon is not personally liable to pay to the creditors. The company is a independent person in law and not a trustee or agent. Therefore it is liable for the liability itself. There are a few consequences incurred based on the independent legal entity theory. A company is a body corporate and is capable of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company. A company is also capable of suing and being sued. As a company is incorporates under the Act, it will automatically has the perpectual succession, its own common seal and the power to hold land. Corporate personality allow one corporate to act as a single entity for legal purpose. The corporate personality allow the company to sue and being sued, enter into contracts, incur debt and own a property. The corporate personality is not absolute and it can be treated as the rights or responsibilities of the directors or the shareholders by â€Å"piercing the corporate veil†. The effect of the theory of independent legal entity is the property of the company which is a going concern belongs to it and not to its individual members, directors or the shareholders. The principal of law can be related to an English case of Macaura v. Northern Assurance Company Ltd amp; Ors. The appellant sold the whole timber estate to a company called Irish Canadian Sawmills Ltd. And received pay of 42,000 fully paid shares of ? 1 each in the company. After the sale, the appellant bought an insurance policy in his own name in covering against the fire on the timber of the estate. After that, the greater part of the estate caught fire but the respondent refuse to pay the appellant by argued that he had no insurable interest towards the estate. Finally, when the appellant appealed, the court held that a sole shareholder has insurable interest towards the company. Applying the theory of independent legal entity, it is held in the case of Lee v. Lee’s Air Farming Ltd that the governing director of one company can validly employ himself as the employee of the company. Lee started a company called â€Å"Lee’s Air Farming Ltd†. Lee held all the shares of the company except one and he employed himself in this company. Next, Lee bought a insurance policies for the benefits of the employees included himself. Lee was killed in a plane crush and his wife claimed the compensation for the personal injury caused to the workers by the reason of employment accident. The claim was opposed by the company stated that Lee cannot be the governing director and the employee at the same time so that he is not liable for the compensation. The court held that the position of lee as the governing director did not stop him to enter an employment contract with the company. Therefore, Lee’s wife is liable for the claim of compensation. However, the rule of separate corporate personality can be open to abuse and can in certain situations lead to harsh injustice. Therefore, to solve this problem, the judge can lifting the veil of incorporation where those who are responsible will be held personally liable for the acts of the company. For example, a director resigned from a company and signed a contract to not compete with the company he just left for a period of time. If he set up a company to compete with the previous company within the period of time, technically is the company competing but not the person. In this case, the court may held that the establish of the new company is a fraud and the formal company may take action on the person for breach of contract. As a result, the court would look beyond the legal fiction to the reality of situation. There are some circumstances where the corporate veil can be lifted by the Act. One of the circumstances is reduction of members below the statutory minimum, which is less than two. Section 14(1) states that incorporation of company requires two or more persons to register their name to the memorandum. The corporate veil might be lifted even if the number of members fall below two, the company still have an independent legal existence. However, the members remained in the company will still liable for the debts of company under section 36. It is only that the members remain after 6 months after the business started can be sued and liable to the payment of debts. The second circumstance is offence relating to financial assistance to purchase shares. Financial assistance is assistance given by the company on the purchase of its own share or the shares of its holding companies. Once the company or the other people constituted an offence under section 67, the privilege of limited liability of members may be lost. The court may order the convicted person to pay compensation to the company once the company suffered a loss or damage as a result of constitution of offence. Basicly, section 67 involves some prohibitions related to any way of lending, purchasing and dealing of the company own shares by any financial assistance. Next, the third circumstance is signing of bill of exchange or other similar documents. This circumstance states that when any negotiable documents or any endorsement signed by the officer or any person on behalf of company without mention the company name or formal name, then the person should be liable to the holder of the instrument and also the order of amount. The liability of the officer will not arise when the company paid the amount. Then, the forth circumstance would be issuing of share by directors. Section 132D prohibits the directors from exercising any power of the company to issue shares without any prior approval of the company in the general meeting. Besides, no provision in memorandum or any article of the company can overwrite the statutory prohibition. When such prohibition applied, any shares issued under it will be void and recoverable of the shares will be given consideration. The directors involved will be liable for the compensation of loss or damage. The recovery must be proceed within three years from the date of issues under the provisions of Limitation Act 1953. Besides, wrongful trading is also one of the circumstances where the corporate veil can be lifted by the Act. If an officer of company cause any proceedings against the company or the course of winding up the company, the officer may be guilty for an offence under the section 303(3). The knowledge of the officer must be tested at the time when the debt was contracted. When the officer has been convicted to be offense under Section 303(3), the court may order the officer to personally liable to unlimited liabilities for the repayment of part or wholly the debt. On the other hand, fraudulent trading can lifted the corporate veil. If any business of the company was carried out with intention to defraud creditors of the company or other person or for other fraudulent purpose. In such condition. The court may order the party which carried out the business to be personal liable to any debts or other liabilities of the company without limitations. The application here can be made by liquidator or creditor or contributor of the company. The last circumstance that can lift the company veil is payment of dividends out of capital. The company is not allowed to pay the dividends to its members out of the share capital. Section 60 states that all dividends can only be paid as part of profits. The directors or officers that pays or permits to pay the dividend, was liable to the creditors of the company. In terms of common law, a contract entered with enemy alien is void for illegality as it is against public policy. The court can lift the corporate veil during war time to investigate whether the company is enemy alien or not. If one company is controlled by enemy alien, it is incapable for suing since the trading which was made by the company might be illegal. In the case of Daimler Co Ltd v. Continental Tyre and Rubber Company(Great Britain) Ltd. CTR is incorporate in England but all the shares of the company were held by Germans except one is for the British secretary. Besides, the directors were German residents. During the war between England and German, an action was taken to pay for the trade debts. The issue occurred whether CTR can sue and recover a debt in the period of war. The court held that CTR was a enemy alien company and stated that CTR is incapable of suing and payment of debts as it is illegal against the public policy. To determine the control of company, number of enemy alien shareholders and the value of their shareholding is ascertained. Some of the company use the Salomon principle to commit fraud. As in the case of Aspatra Sdn Bhd amp; 21 Ors. V. Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd amp; Anor ,Lorrain Osman is the director of first respondent and the chairman of the board of directors of the second respondent. He was sued by the respondents that he made secret profit in breach of duty as the director of both respondent. Mareva injunction and Anton Piller order is held on Lorrain Osman. The appellant company was held that it can lift the corporate veil so that the assets of the appellant companies could be held or deemed to be the assets of Lorrain Osman. The third conditions is avoidance of contractual covenants. Independent legal entity cannot be used to circumvent his contractual obligations owed to the other party to the contact. When the new company was set up, this condition will help to make sure that the setting up of the company is not for the purpose of avoiding contract. In the case of Gilford Motor Co Ltd v. Horne amp; Anor, E. B Horne was a Managing director of Gilford Motor Co. once his employment end, he signed a contract in which he would not do any business which same line with the Gilford motor Co. fter leaving the company. This is to prevent any customers of Gilford motor Co from being solicit or entice away. After Horne’s employment had terminated, he formed a limited company under his wife name, which is in the same line of business with Gliford Motor Co. Therefore, the court held that the action is try to entice away the customer and Horne is committing breach of contract. The theory of independent legal entity in group enterprise is hard to applied and described because the holding-subsidiary relationship can be quite complex nowsaday. Most of the formation of group enterprise may due to reasons like commerce or legal sanctity and it is being formed as a network of holdings, cross-holding and circular-holdings. However, the company law states that each company in a group is a separate legal entity. It means that the company posses its own rights and liabilities independently. In the other words, when an individual holds most of the shares in a company, he will get control on the company but the business carry out by the company is not his business. There are some cases applying the principal of independent legal entity in group enterprise such as Goh Hooi Yin v. Lim Teong Ghee. The plaintiff made an application from court in order to inspect the accounts and take copies of all entries in bank book of its sister companies in assuming that those companies are â€Å"one and consist of same directors and identical Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association. The court refuse to accept the applications because it judged that the court must exercise great with such matters. The Act is not always ignore the group phenomenon, instead, the Act is start to more focus on the relationship between the holding-subsidiary relationship and imposed restrictions in their dealings with each other. Same as the single independent company, the corporate veil also can be pierced in some circumstances. When the corporate veil is lifted, the companies in the same group enterprise will be treated as single economic unit. In the case of Hotel jaya Puri Bhd v. National Union of Hotel, Bar amp; Restourant Workers and Anor, the hotel appealed that the award of court as an compensation to the restaurant workers employed by the subsidiary of the hotel. The court found out that both the company was under the Managing director, who has authority to control the employees. Therefore, the hotel is in law with the employees as they were employed by the restaurant and they had no violence to the principle of separate entity as illustrated in Salomon case. So the court held that the hotel and the restaurant are under a single entity. The following case which illustrated the piercing of corporate veil is the case of Tiu Shi Kian amp; Anor v. Red Rose Restaurant Sdn Bhd. The plaintiff operates â€Å"Golden Million Cabaret amp; Night Club†in the Red Rose Restaurant Sdn Bhd (Red Rose) in the Hotel Shangri-La owned by Hotel Berjaya Sdn Bhd (Hotel Berjaya). During the renewal of tenancy, The plaintiff get a injunction to prevent the Red Rose from interfere the business. The order is served on Albert Teo chin Kion and Datuk Hong Kim Sui which are the executive and managing director respectively besides the role of directors in Hotel Berjaya. The premises was locked and the plaintiff take legal action on them. It was argued that Hotel Berjaya ha locked the Night Club instead of Red Rose. The court held that the Hotel Berjaya and Red Rose are under a single legal entity and the breach is being recognized. References http://syarikat.tripod.com/essential1.html
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