Tikal and the Mayan Civilization - 575 Words

Photo 1: Tikal Temple I This temple was one of the major structures at Tikal. Tikal is one of the largest cities during the Mayan civilization. This temple is also known as the Temple of the Great Jaguar. It was called this because it shows a king sitting upon a jaguar throne. This specific temple was limestone pyramid structure. It was created around 732 AD. This building was created on the east side of the Great Plaza in Tikal. The structure was a funerary temple for a ruler during the classical period. The tomb of the ruler has been located in side of the structure. This type of temple raised nine stepped levels. This is supposed to symbolize the nine levels of the underworld. The pyramid was a shrine of the ruler and a cared wooden lintel. The lintels were carved from a sapodilla wood and painted red. The front had stone blocks carved to represent the figure of the king. This was a royal tomb for Jasaw Chan K’awiil I. The tomb was discovered in a large chamber within the pyramid and below the level of the Great Plaza. Tikal was once a city with around 90,000 people. This civilization was created during the â€Å"Classical† period of the Mayan civilization. Photo 2: Waist pendant of a Queen Mother, from Benin, Nigeria The Queen mother was also known as Queen Idia. She was the mother of Esigie, who ruled from 1504 to 1550. Idia played an important role in the rise and reign of her son. Idia was a strong warrior. As the mother of the king she had no other children. ThisShow MoreRelatedCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words   |  5 PagesCollapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. (Cartwright) Within this war there were also the battles that were going on within its civilization, the offerings that they made to their gods, and the campaigns to resist the Spanish conquest. In the beginning the Mayans were thoughtRead MoreThe Mayan Civilization : An Advanced Society, Rich And Full Extraordinary Architecture1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mayan civilization was an advanced society, rich and full extraordinary architecture with a prodigious complexity of patterns and variety of expressions, that flourished in Mesoamerica. They were skilled architects and engineers, building phenomenal cities out of primarily limestone that still remains standing a thousand years after their civilization. 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Occupying the regions of Central America and Mexico, the Mayans had a strong impact on the world with militaristic and influence from the invention of advancements. The earliest record of the Mayan e xistence dates back to circa 400 B.C. The Mayan Civilization extended over a timeRead MoreThe Aztecs Werelocated In Mexico, Built On A Series Of1180 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor time periods: preclassic (2000 BC-AD 300), classic (300-900), and postclassic (900-1500). A temple in Tikal, one of the Maya city states. The ancient Maya city of Tikal, in modern-day Guatemala, flourished between roughly 600 B.C. and A.D. 900. ... Tikal is a recent Maya name that means â€Å"at the waterhole.† It was named this long after its collapse. Ancient Mayan Economics. The Mayan economy was largely based on food and agriculture, this form is the same as the other earlier civil countriesRead MoreAncient And Culture : Guatemala, Mayan Time Period1491 Words   |  6 PagesTikal Temple Country/Culture: Guatemala, Mayan Time Period: Early Classic to Late Classic - 300-850 CE. Temple Type: Mayan Civilization Description: Tikal is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala. Cultural Context: The name Guatemala, signifying place that is known for timberlands, was gotten from one of the Mayan vernaculars talked by the indigenous individuals at the season of the Spanish triumph in 1523. It is utilized today by pariahs, and additionally by most subjectsRead MoreFactors That Affect The Rise And Fall Of Civilizations Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesRise and the Fall of Mayan Civilization Area and Egyptian Civilization Area In ancient time, environmental factors were very important. It directed the people to where they should settle to practice agriculture for their living. Among many different important environmental factors such as geography, geology, plant and animal species, agricultural potential, resource abundance, one of the most significants factors which influenced to the rise and the fall of civilizations is climate. In my paperRead MoreThe Decline Of The Mayan Civilization1143 Words   |  5 PagesThe early Mayan civilization had lowly beginnings. They rose to remarkable heights in a seemingly inhospitable land. As Maya scholar Arthur Demarest said â€Å"Such a civilization, had no business there.† The Mayans had to battle with torrential rain in the rainy season, and when the weather turned hot, it scorched the land and their water supplies would plummet. They were always faced with floods or drought. They were probably forced here due to overcrowding from other tribes. But noneth eless they beganRead MoreDisappearance of the Mayan Civilization Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization Dawn Herron- (su200126206) Dr. Caren Stayer World Cultures I online 01/13/14 The End of the Maya Empire: In 800 A.D. the Maya Empire contained of a number of powerful city-states spreading from southern Mexico to northern Honduras. These cities were home to massive populations and were ruled by a leading choice that could understand vast armies and demanded to be inclined from the stars and planets

Ops 571 Week 4 Team Free Essays

Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan OPS/571 November 1, 2012 Zachary Burk Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is a fortune 1000 company with revenues in excess of $1 billion (University of Phoenix, 2012). This wholly owned company is a global plastics manufacturer that employs 550 people with annual earnings of $46 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Ops 571 Week 4 Team or any similar topic only for you Order Now Riordan has a reputation for being an industry leader in the industry of polymer materials and has various clout heavy clients such as the Department of Defense and major automotive companies. The company recently went global by relocating its Michigan operation of fan manufacturing to China. This paper will explain lean production and capacity planning for the new process design and supply chain process for Riordan. Strategic Capacity Planning The goal of strategic capacity planning for Riordan Manufacturing’s is to maximize the level of output and return of investment. Riordan Manufacturing’s should create a small sister plant to China in Michigan. If we are able to create a scaled down version of the plastic molding machines from the China plant, the plastic polymers safety storage from this facility can become the regular shipment to the Michigan facility. By creating the Michigan mini-facility Riordan Manufacturing could shift the smaller customized fan orders manufacturing and excess polymer inventory from the Hangzhou facility. By reinvesting in the Michigan facility and the United States economy, Riordan Manufacturing will be better equipped to meet the clients demanding more from Riordan’s Pontiac, Michigan location. It is clear that the China plant sustains an efficient delivery rate and maintains ample safety stock of polymer material. The Hangzhou China plant has a sufficient supply of plastic polymer because the raw material can be purchased locally. â€Å"Customers normally negotiate their yearly requirements for fans in order to obtain the lowest price. They then provide periodic release orders for smaller quantities against the yearly total throughout the year† (University of Phoenix, 2012). As a manufacturer, Riordan machine hours per shift prove profitable when the number of units per shift performs at optimal levels. The China plant has processes that can be utilized within the company in different ways to encourage increased utilization and productivity at the Michigan plant in the United States. In addition, the China facility has a reliable shipping process that makes shipping the assembled or any raw material to the United States facility seamless. Lean Production Riordan Manufacturing operates a plastics plant in Hangzhou, China that acts as a decentralized unit of Riordan Manufacturing and produces electric fans (University of Phoenix, 2012). Lean Production for Riordan Manufacturing new process design will be done by making sure that they are providing quality products and services. Riordan Manufacturing is a leading name in the field of plastic injection molding. A new process design is needed for manufacturing facilities in China. All of their products are shipped to customers, which are expected to be restricted within a timeframe that could lead to a bottleneck. The lean production process will be provided in the new process design improvements that will take the company to a better stage of production and coordination. Riordan should evaluate their review process to make sure that the changes that are needed are in accordance to the data collected from the post project review. Important questions are helpful in improving lean production and improving efficiencies. Lean production requires Riordan manufacturing to implement production strategies that are often an issue for this company. The issues with the current process will be improved through suggestions. Supply Chain Processes Local procurement of materials provides an ease in production at the plant in Hangzhou. Costs are one area that attention is paid so that they can be kept within reason ensuring an affordable product. Throughout the process careful negotiations must be done to ensure there are adequate materials as well as manpower to fulfill the orders that have been placed by customers. The plant has the ability to produce a large amount of stock fans as well as special order merchandise. With specialty orders the process for procurement shift slightly because of the unique nature of the order and the variety of materials that may be used as well. With the procurement of the polymer done locally this also expedites the production process simply because logistics will not be an issue. The necessary machinery for manufacturing is onsite for quick manufacturing times that can quickly move into the production lines for assembly. Assembly leads way into storage for sales. Orders can be filled at the plant as well as shipped directly to the buyer both within China and internationally. Depending on the final destination of the merchandise there are multiple companies that are used to ensure the fastest shipping time to the buyer. Potential trouble could arise if there was difficulty in procuring polymer. If this were to occur Riordan would have to locate the materials that can be transported to the plant to ensure there is no slow in the process. Also if this does become an issue there must be ample stock kept on hand to ensure the plant does not run out of the main item used in the manufacturing process. Conclusion Riordan will face challenges with taking its electric fan operation global. The organization will be to implement carefully planned strategic processes to ensure the success of this transition. Being mindful of their output levels and creating a mini facility in the United States will increase Riordan’s efficiency. By creating lean production processes and utilizing the organization’s local resources for its polymer materials will assist the company in sustaining performance and maintaining the competitive advantage. References University of Phoenix: Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. (2012). Retrieved October 28, 2012 from University of Phoenix website: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/index. html How to cite Ops 571 Week 4 Team, Papers

Concept of Separate Legal Entity and Consequences of Corporate Personality free essay sample

Discuss the concept of separate legal entity and consequences of corporate personality on a company; as part of the discussion present your opinion whether the judiciary can ignore the rule of separate corporate personality and how the said rule will affect group of companies. Under the concept of separate legal entity, a company will becomes a body corporate that exists separately with its owner and distinct from its individual members and directors. In others word, the corporation is an entity just like human being created using legal and official purpose. A company once created by the law can only be destroyed by the process of law. The company exist in its own capacity and does business, generate revenues, incur losses, hire employees and pay for its own tax. It is better to recognize the company as a separate entity because the owners can enjoy the limited liability and risk based on their investment in stock. However, under this concept, the company is treated in its own capacity. It is not human, not a machine, and it cannot operate by itself. Therefore, it must need a group of people of different capacity to manage it ethically and represent it in theirs vested authorities. The separate legal entity has its roots in the landmark case of the English House of Lord in Salomon v. A Salomon amp; Co Ltd. Aron Salomon is a leather merchant and wholesale boot manufacturer trading on his sole account. In year 1892, he decided to change his business to a limited company. The company purchase the business for ? 39,000 and ? 0,000 was being transferred into the business as fully paid shares. ?10,000 was paid in debentures and ? 1,000 was received by Aron Salomon to discharge the debts and liabilities during the purchase. A year after its incorporation, the company become insolvent and went into liquidation. The company was set out by the way of counterclaim, inter alia, so that the company was entitled to be indemnified by Aron Salomon against all debt of the company. The court held that Aron Salomon is not personally liable to pay to the creditors. The company is a independent person in law and not a trustee or agent. Therefore it is liable for the liability itself. There are a few consequences incurred based on the independent legal entity theory. A company is a body corporate and is capable of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company. A company is also capable of suing and being sued. As a company is incorporates under the Act, it will automatically has the perpectual succession, its own common seal and the power to hold land. Corporate personality allow one corporate to act as a single entity for legal purpose. The corporate personality allow the company to sue and being sued, enter into contracts, incur debt and own a property. The corporate personality is not absolute and it can be treated as the rights or responsibilities of the directors or the shareholders by â€Å"piercing the corporate veil†. The effect of the theory of independent legal entity is the property of the company which is a going concern belongs to it and not to its individual members, directors or the shareholders. The principal of law can be related to an English case of Macaura v. Northern Assurance Company Ltd amp; Ors. The appellant sold the whole timber estate to a company called Irish Canadian Sawmills Ltd. And received pay of 42,000 fully paid shares of ? 1 each in the company. After the sale, the appellant bought an insurance policy in his own name in covering against the fire on the timber of the estate. After that, the greater part of the estate caught fire but the respondent refuse to pay the appellant by argued that he had no insurable interest towards the estate. Finally, when the appellant appealed, the court held that a sole shareholder has insurable interest towards the company. Applying the theory of independent legal entity, it is held in the case of Lee v. Lee’s Air Farming Ltd that the governing director of one company can validly employ himself as the employee of the company. Lee started a company called â€Å"Lee’s Air Farming Ltd†. Lee held all the shares of the company except one and he employed himself in this company. Next, Lee bought a insurance policies for the benefits of the employees included himself. Lee was killed in a plane crush and his wife claimed the compensation for the personal injury caused to the workers by the reason of employment accident. The claim was opposed by the company stated that Lee cannot be the governing director and the employee at the same time so that he is not liable for the compensation. The court held that the position of lee as the governing director did not stop him to enter an employment contract with the company. Therefore, Lee’s wife is liable for the claim of compensation. However, the rule of separate corporate personality can be open to abuse and can in certain situations lead to harsh injustice. Therefore, to solve this problem, the judge can lifting the veil of incorporation where those who are responsible will be held personally liable for the acts of the company. For example, a director resigned from a company and signed a contract to not compete with the company he just left for a period of time. If he set up a company to compete with the previous company within the period of time, technically is the company competing but not the person. In this case, the court may held that the establish of the new company is a fraud and the formal company may take action on the person for breach of contract. As a result, the court would look beyond the legal fiction to the reality of situation. There are some circumstances where the corporate veil can be lifted by the Act. One of the circumstances is reduction of members below the statutory minimum, which is less than two. Section 14(1) states that incorporation of company requires two or more persons to register their name to the memorandum. The corporate veil might be lifted even if the number of members fall below two, the company still have an independent legal existence. However, the members remained in the company will still liable for the debts of company under section 36. It is only that the members remain after 6 months after the business started can be sued and liable to the payment of debts. The second circumstance is offence relating to financial assistance to purchase shares. Financial assistance is assistance given by the company on the purchase of its own share or the shares of its holding companies. Once the company or the other people constituted an offence under section 67, the privilege of limited liability of members may be lost. The court may order the convicted person to pay compensation to the company once the company suffered a loss or damage as a result of constitution of offence. Basicly, section 67 involves some prohibitions related to any way of lending, purchasing and dealing of the company own shares by any financial assistance. Next, the third circumstance is signing of bill of exchange or other similar documents. This circumstance states that when any negotiable documents or any endorsement signed by the officer or any person on behalf of company without mention the company name or formal name, then the person should be liable to the holder of the instrument and also the order of amount. The liability of the officer will not arise when the company paid the amount. Then, the forth circumstance would be issuing of share by directors. Section 132D prohibits the directors from exercising any power of the company to issue shares without any prior approval of the company in the general meeting. Besides, no provision in memorandum or any article of the company can overwrite the statutory prohibition. When such prohibition applied, any shares issued under it will be void and recoverable of the shares will be given consideration. The directors involved will be liable for the compensation of loss or damage. The recovery must be proceed within three years from the date of issues under the provisions of Limitation Act 1953. Besides, wrongful trading is also one of the circumstances where the corporate veil can be lifted by the Act. If an officer of company cause any proceedings against the company or the course of winding up the company, the officer may be guilty for an offence under the section 303(3). The knowledge of the officer must be tested at the time when the debt was contracted. When the officer has been convicted to be offense under Section 303(3), the court may order the officer to personally liable to unlimited liabilities for the repayment of part or wholly the debt. On the other hand, fraudulent trading can lifted the corporate veil. If any business of the company was carried out with intention to defraud creditors of the company or other person or for other fraudulent purpose. In such condition. The court may order the party which carried out the business to be personal liable to any debts or other liabilities of the company without limitations. The application here can be made by liquidator or creditor or contributor of the company. The last circumstance that can lift the company veil is payment of dividends out of capital. The company is not allowed to pay the dividends to its members out of the share capital. Section 60 states that all dividends can only be paid as part of profits. The directors or officers that pays or permits to pay the dividend, was liable to the creditors of the company. In terms of common law, a contract entered with enemy alien is void for illegality as it is against public policy. The court can lift the corporate veil during war time to investigate whether the company is enemy alien or not. If one company is controlled by enemy alien, it is incapable for suing since the trading which was made by the company might be illegal. In the case of Daimler Co Ltd v. Continental Tyre and Rubber Company(Great Britain) Ltd. CTR is incorporate in England but all the shares of the company were held by Germans except one is for the British secretary. Besides, the directors were German residents. During the war between England and German, an action was taken to pay for the trade debts. The issue occurred whether CTR can sue and recover a debt in the period of war. The court held that CTR was a enemy alien company and stated that CTR is incapable of suing and payment of debts as it is illegal against the public policy. To determine the control of company, number of enemy alien shareholders and the value of their shareholding is ascertained. Some of the company use the Salomon principle to commit fraud. As in the case of Aspatra Sdn Bhd amp; 21 Ors. V. Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd amp; Anor ,Lorrain Osman is the director of first respondent and the chairman of the board of directors of the second respondent. He was sued by the respondents that he made secret profit in breach of duty as the director of both respondent. Mareva injunction and Anton Piller order is held on Lorrain Osman. The appellant company was held that it can lift the corporate veil so that the assets of the appellant companies could be held or deemed to be the assets of Lorrain Osman. The third conditions is avoidance of contractual covenants. Independent legal entity cannot be used to circumvent his contractual obligations owed to the other party to the contact. When the new company was set up, this condition will help to make sure that the setting up of the company is not for the purpose of avoiding contract. In the case of Gilford Motor Co Ltd v. Horne amp; Anor, E. B Horne was a Managing director of Gilford Motor Co. once his employment end, he signed a contract in which he would not do any business which same line with the Gilford motor Co. fter leaving the company. This is to prevent any customers of Gilford motor Co from being solicit or entice away. After Horne’s employment had terminated, he formed a limited company under his wife name, which is in the same line of business with Gliford Motor Co. Therefore, the court held that the action is try to entice away the customer and Horne is committing breach of contract. The theory of independent legal entity in group enterprise is hard to applied and described because the holding-subsidiary relationship can be quite complex nowsaday. Most of the formation of group enterprise may due to reasons like commerce or legal sanctity and it is being formed as a network of holdings, cross-holding and circular-holdings. However, the company law states that each company in a group is a separate legal entity. It means that the company posses its own rights and liabilities independently. In the other words, when an individual holds most of the shares in a company, he will get control on the company but the business carry out by the company is not his business. There are some cases applying the principal of independent legal entity in group enterprise such as Goh Hooi Yin v. Lim Teong Ghee. The plaintiff made an application from court in order to inspect the accounts and take copies of all entries in bank book of its sister companies in assuming that those companies are â€Å"one and consist of same directors and identical Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association. The court refuse to accept the applications because it judged that the court must exercise great with such matters. The Act is not always ignore the group phenomenon, instead, the Act is start to more focus on the relationship between the holding-subsidiary relationship and imposed restrictions in their dealings with each other. Same as the single independent company, the corporate veil also can be pierced in some circumstances. When the corporate veil is lifted, the companies in the same group enterprise will be treated as single economic unit. In the case of Hotel jaya Puri Bhd v. National Union of Hotel, Bar amp; Restourant Workers and Anor, the hotel appealed that the award of court as an compensation to the restaurant workers employed by the subsidiary of the hotel. The court found out that both the company was under the Managing director, who has authority to control the employees. Therefore, the hotel is in law with the employees as they were employed by the restaurant and they had no violence to the principle of separate entity as illustrated in Salomon case. So the court held that the hotel and the restaurant are under a single entity. The following case which illustrated the piercing of corporate veil is the case of Tiu Shi Kian amp; Anor v. Red Rose Restaurant Sdn Bhd. The plaintiff operates â€Å"Golden Million Cabaret amp; Night Club† in the Red Rose Restaurant Sdn Bhd (Red Rose) in the Hotel Shangri-La owned by Hotel Berjaya Sdn Bhd (Hotel Berjaya). During the renewal of tenancy, The plaintiff get a injunction to prevent the Red Rose from interfere the business. The order is served on Albert Teo chin Kion and Datuk Hong Kim Sui which are the executive and managing director respectively besides the role of directors in Hotel Berjaya. The premises was locked and the plaintiff take legal action on them. It was argued that Hotel Berjaya ha locked the Night Club instead of Red Rose. The court held that the Hotel Berjaya and Red Rose are under a single legal entity and the breach is being recognized. References http://syarikat.tripod.com/essential1.html

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Principles Comparison

Qualitative and Quantitative Qualitative research is an inquisition method used in different disciplines with an aim of gaining an in-depth understanding of research tool. On the other hand, quantitative research is an investigative method used to establish mathematical models, hypothesis and /or theories that links a phenomenon.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Qualitative and Quantitative Research Principles Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While qualitative research aims at obtaining a deeper understanding of a phenomenon, quantitative research focuses on its empirical observations. For instance, quantitative research focuses on the numbers and their interrelation by trying to establish theories and models based on the fact-findings. this is not the same with qualitative research, which focuses on establishing why such facts exist. It is however important to note that both research methods u se fact –findings from the field, although in different ways. Qualitative research usually approach data by observation and interpretation while quantitative research measure the data and test (McBride Schostak, 2008, p. 1). Why exploratory research designs rely on qualitative research This happens because in qualitative research, researchers do not try to manipulate variables to fit some models and theories they have in mind, rather, it gives the meaning as it comes from the sources. This property is very important in exploratory research since it is aimed at getting a deeper understanding of the trends, which are truthful. Furthermore, exploratory research tries to establish problems as well as their potential causes. To achieve this, variable manipulation, as is done in quantitative research becomes irrelevant. Exploratory research also endeavors to establish the direction of a program and tries to clarify its concepts; this cannot be easily accomplished in quantitative r esearch as they concern most with empirical properties (Tripati, 2008, p. 1). Why Causal designs rely on Quantitative research Causal research is always aimed at establishing the relationship or connection that lies between results and the cause. To do this effectively, they need to find a way that would help them achieve connection. This is why qualitative research is preferred to qualitative; moreover, quantitative research provides causal design with empirical phenomena. The measurements obtained can be used to establish a connection between the cause and results or effects of the study. This would not be easy to do with qualitative research since they only deal with observation and interpretations. Causal designs require data that have been measured in quantitative research and can use them on different models to establish their theories (Shields Hassan, 2006, p. 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The four basic orientation of qualitative research These include phenomenology, grounded theory, case studies and ethnography. These orientations of qualitative research differ mainly due to their field s of origination and application. For instance, case studies originate from business research and psychology, its main objective is to provide documented or written information on the history of a group, event, organization, as well as individuals. The other basic orientation is grounded theory which originated from sociology, it forms inductive questions whose answers lead to more questions, this is used to obtain deeper details. Ethnography on the other hand originated from anthropology and is used to signify ways of studying various cultures by being actively involved in them. Finally, we have phenomenology, which is said to have originated from philosophy. Under this, category researchers usually employ the use of conversational tools in int erviews (Kotler Armstrong 2006). Basic orientation for qualitative approach that is based on business situation The most effective basic orientation for qualitative research on business situation is a Case Study. Case study gives the history of a particular business that may be required, this is very important as it paves way for further research on the area. Prior to conducting a confirmatory research, it is essential to consider a case study of the business. This has the propensity to give adequate information for the confirmatory research and is the ideal way for a better understanding of the business. Case study originated from business research and psychology, these fields have what it takes to provide the required preparatory information for use during the confirmatory qualitative research exercise (Kotler Armstrong, 2006, p. 122). Types of exploratory research that would be suggested for the following There are four main types of exploratory research, these include secondar y data, pilot study (unstructured methods), Case study and experience survey. Pilot study: this suggestion is based on the manager’s view, and has to undergo pilot study before it takes on experience survey. Experience survey: a research project with objectives, usually done after some surveys. Case Study, the purpose is to focus on employee health plan; it therefore requires a case study. Secondary data: symbolisms linked to cigar smoking can be researched from secondary data i.e. internet. Differences between a focus group and depth interview These two are similar in that they both have someone who acts as a leader,. However, several differences emerge from them. For instance, a focus group is usually unstructured while a depth interview is fully structured. In addition, while a focus group structure considers an interview with more people such as between six and ten, a depth interview always considers the respondent and the interviewer only.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Qualitative and Quantitative Research Principles Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also important to note that while a trained moderator always leads a focus group, a depth interview only considers professional researchers in such interviews. Focus groups are usually free flowing and without a specific restriction on the topic of research while, depth interviews are always conducted on particular social or business issues. (Babbie,1989, p. 23) Reference List Babbie E., (1989). The Practice of Social Research. 5th edition. Belmont CA: Wadsworth. Kotler P. Armstrong G.,(2006). Principles of marketing, Pine Forge Press, p. 122. McBride R. Schostak J., (2008). Chapter 2: Qualitative verses Quantitative Research. Inquiry Learning.net. Web. Shields, P Hassan T., ( 2006). Intermediate Theory: The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship. Journal of Public Affairs Education. Vol. 12, No. 3. Pp. 313-334. Retrieved from: https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3967 Tripati A. M., (2008). Exploratory research Design. Scribd. Retrieved from: https://scribd.com/doc/19770382/Exploratory-Research-Design This research paper on Qualitative and Quantitative Research Principles Comparison was written and submitted by user Korath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Sexual Harassment Essay

Sexual Harassment Essay With all the means of technology people use recently, they are informed of most of the accidents and incidents, which occur in this world if not all of all of them. It is noticeable that the number of sexual harassment cases taking place is increasing rapidly, which gives a clear idea of the existence of many reasons, one of which is how people in authority are not taking this huge problem into account and are not trying to prevent it. Such actions have serious consequences and, which results in that the world should make fast moves towards preventing these actions from happening and saving many young teens in the best years of their lives from being mentally or even literally destructed. It is most likely for people, who hear the term â€Å"sexual harassment† to think that the victim is from the opposite sex, and is mostly a woman. In this matter it was cleared out that the harasser and the victim can be from the same sex no matter who harasses whom. Sexual harassment is any unwelcome or unwanted attention either by touching or talking to a reasonable person in a way he/ she does not like. This term sometimes extends to include gender harassment, harassment based on sexual orientation, and Sexual abuse. It also in result it is a very important step that the victim tells the harasser that what he is doing is not welcome nor is it wanted. In other words it is legally not considered harassment if the victim does not express his/ her rejection to the action the harasser is forcing on him. The action of assault or harassment is usually carried out by person, who is in a position of power. Harassers know they are doing something against the law or at least wrong and that’s why they work hard to keep it hidden. In order to do that they either have to hide their identity or show it but in the same time have the ability to keep the victims mouth shut under every condition. Being someone’s boss or higher-level co-worker gives the harasser the power to do what they desire and keep it in the dark. Judith Brandenburg wrote in her book Confronting Sexual Harassment: â€Å"Sexual harassment is not an exclusively sexual issue but may be an exploitation of a power relationship. Like any other power struggle, many instances of sexual harassment are initiated and negotiated by a person in a position of authority and are sustained at the expense of another who cannot counter demands without risk of reprisal (student teacher vs. student, principal vs. teacher)† (B randenburg,). As a human nature people don’t do anything unless they want to, in other words the motivation should exist for any action to be done. Although sexual harassment is not an accepted deed within any society, it still does have motivations. Harassers are people and they make mistakes, but there is something that pushes them towards such a behavior. One of the reasons is the way women dress that some times gets beyond attractive to be sexy, which is irresistible for some people. Another motivation, the place of work some women choose to work within. Some women’s profession or study field obligates them to be surrounded with a masculine environment. This will make it more possible for them to hear dirty jokes and manly comments and some how harassed if they don’t like to face such situations, when they still do go through them. Furthermore, the society, culture, environment, morals and people form a person’s personality and way of thinking. For instance, living in a society like the United States or European countries would create people who would commit an action like the harassment. Because analyzing the way the people in these countries live, a person would come out with an assumption that their life is almost all about having fun and drinking and even doing drugs, which all are means that make the person lose his mind in a way or another, and then do things that wouldn’t remember next morning, or he would but with a killing regret. As mentioned above the way people dress is also a huge factor in this problem. Thinking of the way the young interact with each other also gives an impact about what’s going on, for a kiss is no longer valuable as it was. Everybody kisses everybody at all times; happiness and sorrow, which is what makes these teenagers always ask for more. Meanwhile living the opposite side of the world such as the Arabic/ Islamic counties presents a whole different viewpoint. Islamic â€Å"Shari’a† forms the way Moslems deal with everything in their lives. This Shari’a bands any interaction between female and male unless for education, business, work, and all essential elements of living. In addition to that limitation women should be dressed a certain way so that they would not cause the attraction, which then results in problems and crisis that are unsolvable and harmful. Women should cover every part of their bodies excluding the face and hands, and the dresses should never be tight, short, or too long to walk with. It should be a decent color and decent jewelry that does not bring noise. Same for shoes heals, for they cannot cause noise while walking. Cosmetiques are not allowed for two reasons; one is that they change the way God created the person. Secondly, they attract the other sex and cause what is not s upposed to exist. Shari’a also banned looking at peoples’ bodies no matter if they were covered or not. Drinking, doing drugs, and kissing, and any further action in this matter is completely forbidden. This environment absolutely safe, and does not allow any type of harassment to take place. The previous was a small set of the differences between the two societies if a person can limit them in tow. Many consequences rise based on sexual harassment; beginning with the victim on personal bases this person’s life changes ‘180 degrees’. He may develop psychological and somatic symptoms that mirror those of victims of other crimes, particularly sexual assault. He reports anxiety, depression, irritability, anger, weight-loss, uncontrolled crying, fatigue and dental problems. On professional bases they perform decreased job satisfaction, performance and a disruption in his career and relationships with his co-workers. It affects the harasser a little differently, for the harasser does not face any outcomes unless allegations against them were investigated. The harasser will also face both personal and professional reprisals for their behaviors. He will face career related outcomes and strained relationships with coworkers. This person will not be trusted anymore, and his friends and everybody he knows will be shocked and not able to interact with this person any lo nger. He as well may lose his career and family. Not only does the sexual assault hurt the people involved, but it also gets beyond that to get more people harmed. The victim’s family are one example of how people can get worried, feel sad and uncomfortable dealing with a member if their family that went through such a horrible experience. The harasser’s family and friends would not feel comfortable living with this person anymore, because a person heartless like the harasser would either be mentally sick, who needs to be treated or a person that is simply dangerous. Moreover, unfortunately these the whole society gets affected by such cruel actions; people generally would not feel safe for their sons or daughters if they were not home at a certain time, which would make the parents limit their children’s freedom. The regulations people make are not convenient for either of the parents or the children. All these reasons and consequences that some people go through will not come out healthy on any scale. Now is the punishment the right solution? Is the punishment harassers have to face enough for them to stop what they started? Punishment for sexual harassment will range from informal counseling and apology to suspension, dismissal and legal civil and criminal prosecution. The severity and frequency of the harassment will determine the extent of the punishment. Those kinds of punishments are enough fir a person to stop such a behavior. Moreover, a person like the harasser does not have stable personality, which is why during the punishment, no matter what kind it was, he will only think about revenge. The thinking he will be making all this period of sentence will about the next victim; how he or she will look? Where and how? Next step will be the same exact behavior but acted more professionally and more carefully. The society will not achieve anything from this trial or punishment that the government or justice put this person through but making this person even more eager to get his freedom completely and do whatever he desires again like he used to. Off course there are people who learn from their mistakes, who will finish their punishment period live straight ever after. On the other had the question what about the victim and all the changes in his life? Wouldn’t it be much easier if nothing has happened from the beginning? Sometimes, when a person think about it, he finds out it is really hard for the victim to recover and live his life. In other words it seems like a part of this person’s life was ended and no longer exist. He never will trust anybody, and he will always be horrified if anybody touched him or tried to be nice. It is not as easy as it seems, on the contrary it is very hard. For the human kind were created on the base that they need each other to survive. Cooperation and love and help are thing that people can’t miss in their lives. And what this harasser does, is kill every sense of trust this person ever had. Would anybody have the right to end the harasser’s life and let the society live in peace? No body has the right to do that though. Even in the Islamic Shari’a they take the punishment out if the action so the criminal would be punish by death if he killed nay body. Nevertheless Moslems still have to kill this person. For other religions and laws it is banned to kill anybody under any condition. Furthermore, waiting for the punishment to solve the problem, the country would not achieve any improvement towards ending this crisis. Mostly those cases are kept in the dark and not reported for many reasons. First, most women would not report such accidents, because they were threatened when they first were forced to face the attack. They would still have the same feeling after. She would live with the feeling of getting hurt if she tells anybody. Secondly, they take into account the possibility of not proving the action on the harasser, which is when the victim would rather kill herself than live with fear of re-experiencing what she has experienced again. And even if the trail the way the victim and her lawyer hope, what will happen next? The harasser will spend a certain amount of time getting punished and the fear will still exist, for the question then is what will he do after the punishment? Secondly, if the place where the crime took place was a place like a school or a university, this place has a certain reputation that they most likely want to either keep or grow, but never decrease. For those peoples punishment is not the right answer all they have to think about is how to cut this unhealthy deed out completely. They should deal with this the same way they deal with cancer either cure it by cutting it off of the body or let the ill die. There is no other solution. Curing this problem evolves around prevention. The prevention is all programs that can include all kinds of people; families, parents, the young and especially teenagers at school. Because the prevention is not all about stopping the harassers from committing any action, but it is also about making the young aware of the world and what happens around them. They should not be naÐ ¿ve, one the contrary they should know they should not trust anybody. Off course they should have somebody to rely on, but not everybody. Friends and family members, whom they have known for along time, are a perfect example of trustable people that they can hang on to. Programs like these should exist and take place in primary and high schools, in universities and colleges, even in work places. Moreover teacher and principals should be aware of what is going on between students and fats steps towards stopping any action that might be considered as harassment. The younger these pupils were when we start with them the better. Because children always learn faster and never forget something they were taught during their childhood. People consider schools another home for their children, for they spend half of the time in the school, where they form the life friends. For that reason teachers and schools faculty should be carefully chosen. In order to have the young raised right with no problems as being harassed and other problems educational system should make sure they make interviews expanded to include psychologists that could find out the kind of mentality the teachers have and their abilities, and what they are capable of doing. The government should be responsible for people in streets, bars, and nightclubs, and people that are drinking alcohol and doing drugs. The age for drinking alcohol should be raised to 25, because at this age people are mostly mature enough to stop themselves from doing stupid acts. Drugs should be banned entirely and serious punishments should be taken against those who do it or deal with it. Not only do these people dealing with drugs gat themselves harmed, but they also get other innocent young females and males. For instance there are kinds of drugs, which make the person lose conscience for two days in a row. These types of drugs are mostly used in clubs and bars. Guys would drop this drug in the girls’ drinks, them they pass out, and later only God knows what will happen next. At lease they will be raped. Government should also be responsible for people, who stay in the streets all night for no reason, for those people who have nothing to care about not a family, and themselves, would not care about other people’s convenience. It is not that people should not feel free to do whatever they feel like doing. Nevertheless, if this freedom conflicts with the safety of other people, they should choose safety over freedom. On a personal level, families should never give a complete freedom to their children. These young men and women still have plenty of time to use their right and freedom, when they are a little older and more aware of what is going on. Parents should take into account that no matter how wisdom their children seem to have, they still lack the experience they have earned over years. And that is the reason, for which they should make some rules and yet stand for them. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Sexual Harassment topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

How to Conjugate the French Verb Passer (to Pass)

How to Conjugate the French Verb Passer (to Pass) Meaning to pass, the French verb  passer  is an easy one to remember and the conjugations are not too difficult, either. French students who have studied other regular -er  verbs will find this lesson relatively simple to follow. By the end, youll be familiar with the basic present, past, and future tenses of this very common verb. How to Conjugate  Passer Conjugations are used in French in the same way they are in English. We add certain endings to the verb stem to form the various tenses. This helps us use the verb properly and form complete sentences. Since  passer  is used in many common expressions, its important to memorize the conjugations. To begin, well look at the indicative verb mood, including the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. These verb conjugations are formed by adding  the regular -er  endings  to the verbs stem of  pass-. Using the chart, match the subject pronoun of your sentence with the appropriate tense. For example, I am passing is  je passe  while we will pass is  nous passerons. Try practicing these in context to aid in memorization. If you need some ideas,  passer  is used in many idiomatic expressions that youll find useful as well. Present Future Imperfect je passe passerai passais tu passes passeras passais il passe passera passait nous passons passerons passions vous passez passerez passiez ils passent passeront passaient Passer  and the Present Participle The  present participle  of  passer  is  passant. This was formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem. Not only can  passant  be used as a verb, in some contexts it may also be an adjective, gerund, or even a noun. Passer in the Past Tense The imperfect is the past tense, though its also common to use the passà © composà © in French. This requires the construction of a short phrase that uses the auxiliary verb à ªtre and the past participle passà ©. Putting it together is quite simple: use the subject pronoun, conjugate  Ãƒ ªtre  to the present tense, and attach the past participle. For example, I passed is  je suis passà ©Ã‚  and we passed is  nous sommes passà ©. More Conjugations of Passer As you build your French vocabulary, you will find other basic forms of  passer  useful. For example, if you wish to express that the action of passing is uncertain, the subjunctive verb mood is used. Similarly, if it is dependent on something else also occurring, you will use the conditional verb mood. In rare cases, you might encounter the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. While the other forms of  passer  should be your priority, these are good to know as well. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je passe passerais passai passasse tu passes passerais passas passasses il passe passerait passa passt nous passions passerions passmes passassions vous passiez passeriez passtes passassiez ils passent passeraient passrent passassent You will use the imperative verb mood when using  passer  in short  commands and requests.  When using it, skip the subject pronoun, so  tu passe  is simplified to  passe. For the phrase Pass it! you will say Passe-le ! Imperative (tu) passe (nous) passons (vous) passez

Fed Chairman Game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fed Chairman Game - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of the â€Å"Fed Chairman Game.† In the game the player must choose the fed interest rates for period of four years or 16 quarters. The player must keep inflation and unemployment below 4 and 7 percent respectively. The logic that must be used to make decision is that you can lower inflation by setting federal funds well above the inflation rate, but doing so will also push unemployment upwards. You can lower unemployment by pushing up inflation by setting the federal funds rate close too or below the inflation rate. Throughout the game after each decision there is a newspaper headline that reports what is occurring in the economy based on the Fed decisions. The news must be used by the player in order to make decisions. The table below has a list of some of the newspaper headlines that I saw during the game. During the simulation I utilized the news as a point of reference to make decisions. I had to look at the impact my decisions had on inflation and unemployment at all times. The actions that I took to get reelection were geared at maintain the general public happy. I ran the simulation three times and I was not able to get reelected. The job of the chairman of the Fed is very hard. During the first two runs I was not able to keep inflation low enough to get reelected. During the third run I messed up as far as having negative inflation or deflation. I learned from the simulation that monetary policy is extremely important for the well being of the United States. People are happy with their government when there are jobs available in the marketplace and when their money has good purchasing power. Inflation decreases the purchasing power of the US

Mike Daviss Fortress Los Angeles The Militarization of Urban Space Essay

Mike Daviss Fortress Los Angeles The Militarization of Urban Space Summary and Reaction - Essay Example Entire neighborhoods are being sealed-off, pedestrian traffic on predominantly minority-used walkways such has Old Broadway are being "redirected", former public recreation spaces such as parks are being privatized, the list goes on. The author, Mike Davis presents a number of salient points as to where cities such as Los Angeles, where capitalism, wealth, and commodification are the driving force for everything, are heading. Because the poor do not have a huge stake at this capitalistic market, their interests are relegated to the background. The city government has a hand in perpetuating this trend. More importance is given to privatization of space, and funds that are supposed to be allocated for public recreational spaces are being appropriated to private, white-collar redevelopment ventures. Wealthy communities are physically separated from the rest of the city, the perimeters converted to a kind of military "fortress", with its arsenal of high-tech gadgetry and gated enclosures. The private "security" industry is a thriving business, ready to answer to the ubiquitous slogan of "Armed Response". Even the police are being integrated to these grand scheme of securing the city from "unwanted" elements, where their watchful eyes are omnipresent. In addition to this, they control neighborhoods where minorities, Blacks and Latinos dwell. Even residential architects are getting their design inspirations from the military. The creation of these "fortress" cities, with the constant surveillance cameras, the gated walls, private security contractors, ground as well as on-air watchers, advances the progress of the social fragmentation, a polarization that serves to destroy the society's natural hegemony at the cost of the underprivileged. Davis also talks about how this same militaristic tactic is used to lure investors and retailers into opening their establishments in abandoned commercial areas. The concept of "security" taken to the extreme is the key to securing this potentially lucrative market as evinced in the case of the "Panopticon Mall". Highlighting the social barriers even more are the measures being done to rid the streets of the vagrants and "undesirables". These include the installation of outdoor sprinklers and barrel-shaped bus benches to discourage them from sleeping in public areas. Also, public toilets are being lessened, if not completely eradicated, in favor of the "quasi-public restroom" in establishments and offices where the poor and homeless would not be admitted. For the most part, I agree with Davis's opposition to these acts of militarization and abolishment of public space. In the eradication of accessible spaces, the sense of community and social interaction is also annihilated. While it seems that these changes improve the quality of life and the sense of security for the common white-collared worker, this is done at the cost of those who have little purchasing power. Access to supposed public places are dictated by those with the money. This violates the very essence of those areas being "public". This, in a sense, tramples upon our very sense of democracy, one that does not discriminate against race, class, or social stature. This kind of physical segregation underlies the concept that people belonging to different social groups should not interact or mingle. The need of the moneyed class to separate themselves is the root

Fredrick Jackson Turner Essay Example for Free

Fredrick Jackson Turner Essay Fredrick Jackson Turner was an American Historian who examined the unique characteristics that defined American Culture.   Turner was a well educated man receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1884 and his Masters Degree in 1888.   He continued his education at John Hopkins University and received a PhD in history.   He taught most of his professional life at the University of Wisconsin and then Harvard in 1910.   Rise of the West, and Significance of Sections in American History for which he received the Pulitzer Prize have become standards in the study of American History.    He is most well known for his â€Å"Frontier Thesis† which he developed in 1893.   Shortly, after the United States Census Bureau in 1890 declared the American Frontier officially closed, Jackson’s interest was peaked and he set out to study and analyze America’s relationship with it’s own frontier.   In   1893 he publicly spoke about this thesis in Chicago at the World’s Columbian Exposition. He stated â€Å"Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West.†Ã‚   In 1921, Fredrick Jackson Turner published a full length text titled The Frontier in American History.   In it he explores his thesis which stated The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development (Turner 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Turner’s fascination with the frontier and probably   his inspiration for studying and understanding the importance of the American Frontier in American History stems back to his childhood.   He grew up in in Portage, Wisconsin.   His backyard bumped right against the meeting of two bodies of water Fox River and Wisconsin River.   The small town had many characteristics that would have been found in frontier town.   When he describes his childhood he tells of the Native American teepees where he fished as a boy.   Native Americans were often in   town to sell various pieces of craft and jewelry to the local stores.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand America and its culture it was extremely important to understand the frontier and America’s connection to it.   Turner believed that the frontier â€Å"Americanized Americansâ€Å".   This Americanization lasted close to 300 years, starting at the colonization of the New England coast and continuing until the west was completely settled.   The free land offered in the west, the frontier, was a safety net which offered property ownership opportunities to people who traditionally could no afford to own anything.   In the text of The Frontier of American History, he comments â€Å"So long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power† (Turner 32). Discontent and poverty revolts were almost unheard in those 300 years.   He argues that the frontier produces and shapes a particular type of man who is full â€Å"of coarseness and strengthacuteness and inquisitiveness, (of) that practical and inventive turn of mind(full of) restless and nervous energy that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom.†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Turner 37).   Turner’s believed that the western movement was the main factor contributing to the basis of American’s institutions and culture.   Conditions of living and conquering the wilderness permanently altered the European settlers of the New England coastline to a new national breed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Turner goes on to compare the American Frontier to Europe.   In explaining their similarities, he states† What   the Mediterranean Sea was to   the Greeks, breaking   the bonds of custom,   offering new experiences, calling out new institutions and activities,   the   Ã‚  ever-retreating   frontier has been to   the United States directlyâ€Å" (Turner 38).   Turner continues to explain that to   the while Europe had it’s own frontiers, it effected them â€Å"more remotelyâ€Å". Turner believed that the frontier shaped the American character and the closing of the Western Frontier signified the United States graduating from it’s initial development into something much more mature. Turner summaries by commenting â€Å" four centuries from   the discovery   of America, at   the end of a hundred years of life under   the Constitution,   the   frontier has gone, and with its going has closed   the first period of   Ã‚  American   history† (Turner 38).   In The Frontier of American History, while he writes about America as an example he gives a detailed general explanation that he believes could be used in understanding other nation’s cultural growth patterns.   Fredrick Turner believes that the growth and settlement is the first period of progress in any nation’s development.   This expansion is followed by followed by periods of social and economic development.   Each of which is frontier all it’s own.   Turner explains with an example: Stand at Cumberland Gap and watch the procession of civilization, marching single filethe buffalo following the trail to the salt springs, the Indian, the fur-trader and hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer farmerand the frontier has passed by. Stand at South Pass in the Rockies a century later and see the same procession with wider intervals between (Turner 12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He believed that the American West created the first truly free man.   The European Frontier was nothing more than people recreating Old World values and deferring to authority.   The frontier in America had no law, no authority, and men lived by their wits.   America thinks of it’s frontier as being within the country not at the edge.   There is no line which separates the frontier from settled land.   America’s frontier is transient and terrestrial.  Ã‚   However, the European frontier is fixed, and completely permanent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Turner’s research and thesis contrasted strikingly with his historic contemporaries who believed that America was based on Europe.   And it was the European historical legacy brought over with the colonists that gave America it’s uniqueness.   Fredrick Turner believed that the American Frontier and the surrounding experiences should be respected and spoke about of with dignity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of course there are several flaws in his thesis.   He failed to speak about the effect of the American Frontier on women and minorities.   Turner’s theory was deemed ethnocentric and nationalistic.   His premise also showed a large separation between rural American and the future urban or city culture.  Ã‚   Another problem with his safety net proposal is that it is not true for anything after the Civil War.   In the slavery ridden South many blacks sought refuge in the frontier before the Civil War.   However, after the Civl War, the poverty stricken south it was impossible for people to have enough money for transportation, and setting up homesteads in the West. It is important to note that Turner’s Frontier Thesis goes head to head with the theory that slavery was the defining factor in American history.   The government actually gave away more free land after the official closing of the American Frontier than in all the years preceding 1890.   Turner’s thesis and research were not, at the time of it’s original, publication embraced.    Much of that coldness he received from his peers was due to his blunt, forceful nature and writing style.   When he spoke about his â€Å"Frontier Thesis†, he commanded his fellow historians to turn their mindset from European history to the American West.   He comments often that American Historians ‘had it all wrong’ and he was right.   His aggressive preaching may have turned other researchers off to even considering his thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fredrick Jackson Turner does a good job of fleshing out his thesis.   I do agree that the American Frontier had a huge effect on defining what America is and who Americans are.   I do think that Turner’s â€Å"Frontier Thesis† has it’s problems which I stated above.   I think it is important to point out that understanding the birth of truly American Ideals you must look at several different theories developed by various Historians.   I agree with the points that Fredrick Turner makes.   Especially concerning how settlers of the frontier needed to be self sufficient and self governing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless, if historians agree with Turner or agree to disagree the impact of his â€Å"Frontier Thesis, is indisputable.   He introduced the idea that daily events of regular people make up history that is it is true history.   He nurtured and detailed his belief that the physical land can be a major factor in defining and shaping a culture, particularly the American Culture.   Fredrick Jackson Turner breathed life into the American Western landscape,   letting the Frontier transform from a mere setting to a powerful tool in chiseling the America’s historical and cultural legacy.   Bibliography Hutton, T.R.C. Beating a Dead Horse?: The Continuing Presence of Frederick Jackson Turner in Environmental and Western History. International Social Science Review (2002): 47+. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5000838961. Ritchie, Robert C., and Paul Andrew Hutton, eds. Frontier and Region: Essays in Honor of Martin Ridge. 1st ed. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library Press, 1997. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=10400476. Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1921. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=10376565. White, Richard, and Richard White. Chapter Ten When Frederick Jackson TurnerAnd Buffalo Bill Cody BothPlayed Chicago in 1893.   Frontier and Region: Essays in Honor of Martin Ridge. Ed. Robert C. Ritchie and Paul Andrew Hutton. 1st ed. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library Press, 1997. 201-211. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=10400690.

Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

Thomas Jefferson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book that I choose to read and analyze was Jefferson The Virginian, written by Dumas Malone. This book was the first volume and it was written in 1948. I choose this book because I have always been interested in Thomas Jefferson and his life. I found this book to be extremely informative about Jefferson. It included growing up on the fringe of western settlement in Virginia, the college of William and Mary in Williamsburg, to the years he served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, to helping write the Declaration of Independence, and to his years as president of the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson was born April 2nd 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia. His parents were Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph, the House they live in was called Shadwell, it was named after the parish in London where his mother was from. Jefferson’s father died in the summer of 1757. In Peter Jefferson’s will he said not until his son turned twenty-one would he be able to receive what had been left to him, which included lands on either the Rivanna or the Fluvanna, a proper share of the livestock, half of the slaves not disposed of, and the residue of the estate. After his father’s death he had no true father figure in his early life. The man who had the greatest impact early in his life was while he was studying under the Reverend James Maury. This partnership probably did little to influence Jefferson’s political views in future years, but Maury did encourage him to study the classics like the Greeks and Italians. After leaving from Maur y’s school he attended William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. The most   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   influential professor that he had here was William Small who taught philosophy. Another Influence that Small had on his life was that he got Jefferson work in the law office of George Wythe. He studied law for five years under Wythe. While under Wythe’s leadership Jefferson became friend’s with the governor of the time Francis Fauquier, he was able to meet him through Wythe’s service on the general court. In 1767 he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgess at the age of twenty-five, and five years later he married Martha Wayles Skelton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it came to time for the revolution against the British Empire, Thomas Jefferson was more than ready. Before he wrote his chief literary contribution to the revolutionary cause, he wrote Summary View.

Management and Organization

Does a strong organizational culture and organizational commitment increase the overall of a firm? Illustrate a real life example to support your arguments. Introduction For choosing this topic for the essay ,It is because organizational culture is the heartbeat of a firm. It determined the way the firm run and the self-value of the founder and the main value of the company ,After reading this essay people can easily under stand the two main element: management practice and innovation and risk taking. And also knowing how the way this two values bring good influence of high performance .The main objectives in the essay is to show people what is the connection between organizational culture,strong organizational culture and commitment of the organization and how they are closely related to the overall performance of a firm. During the essay , theory is there to support the ideas . And to connect the two task we first need to know about organizational culture and the role of it in a co mpany, then we need to understand how does strong culture bring influence to a organizational commitment and how are these three task increase the overall performance of the firm.To present the issues about the organizational culture,strong organizational culture and organizational commitment there is a real -life example explaining that those three factors that could bring good influence to IKEA, a well known global furniture company from Sweden and explain the theory base on the company dynamic. First this essay will examine some background information about the firm, to help readers to understand more detail about how those three factors influence the corporate.Background information of IKEA IKEA was found in 1943 as a mail order company in a small village in the southern part of the Sweden a place called Smaland. . The founder of IKEA is called Ingvar Kampala,and he stared to deliver with a van to the train station, . IKEA has started to use catalogue for selling and provided a place that customer can be use and touch in the 1950s. The company's three main traits were function, quality , and low price.IKEA started to but their goods from the eastern part of the Europe because of the supply problem. In the 1960s, IKEA opened a storehouse in Stockholm for customers to serve them self , IKEA had turned a difficult problems as a special selling way . By now IKEA has develop over 150 shops around the worldKling;Goteman,2003) . Organizational Culture To analyses how strong corporate culture bring the influence to improve the overall performance,Firstly,identifying corporate culture is the first step to start with.Although organizational culture was definite in variety of ways and aspect,many people think that organizational culture is a group of values, beliefs ,ways of working ,principle ,behavior and attitude that share by all of the member and the image of the company. In the other hand,corporate culture should be considered as the correct way that the things to be done and solution of solving the problems in the firm. The culture of the organization also help the managers to make decision by providing better ways to think, feel and take reaction because the culture of the firm is concluded by experience of the elders of the firm.For new employees,culture is the correct way that to react ,so ,culture can continues corporate survival and development. (sun,2008) The function of the organization culture is another key point , first to build up the feelings to people that they are belonging to the firm and personal commitment along the firm, Secondly, creating a competitive edge to enable the members (especially to new members) in the organization to well understand acceptable behavior and social system stability (Sun,2008).Therefore, a excellent company need to have a strong corporate culture which can attract , keeping and prized employees to behave good , achieving goals and performance as a role model for others. And strong culture alwa ys being professionalism and co-operation in the services of common values(Sun,2008). For IKEA, there organizational culture it's a very informal type ,the culture is based on some values that roots in Smalandish or Swedish culture. And things like informality and cost awareness and a â€Å"down to earth earth â€Å"approach.Also letting their employee to be responsible ,during the communicate and training for the new staff there are a few of values and intention held by IKEA that they always mention about. For IKEA, the firm have the thought that organizational culture is a very important part in running a business. It have been focus on our sales, development and also of marketing. (Kling and Goteman,2003). But having a simple culture is not enough and can not fulfill the condition to achieve success, so a Strong organization culture is needed to increase the performance of the firm.Benefit of strong organizational culture Every company are assuming to have a â€Å"Strong Cultu re† , which is always definite as which key value are deeply and widely hold and also bring strong influence among the members of the organization. Culture is a hidden forces that can provides meaning and direction, that is system that can share the meaning, belief and values that can ultimately affect employees behavior, so is much obvious in strong organizational culture.The performance benefit from strong culture are ,Firstly,general consensus and recognition of corporate values and norm help with the social control inside of the firm, people are broadly agree that the specific acts are more appropriate that others , invasion of behavior will be found out much quickly and corrected faster, and the correction may be usually come from the employees come from different department and different hierarchy. Therefore,social control can reduce the cost and much efficiency that the formal control,.Secondly,the strong organizational culture improve the goals alignment with clear org anizational goals and practice, less uncertainty may happen to the employees and they could know how to react with unexpected situations , it also conductive with the coordination, there are less debate chances for different parties in the firm about the best interest. At last , strong organizational culture enhance employees performance and enthusiasm, because they think that they are free to chose what they want(Jesper B. 2002). For IKEA the CEO of the firm that name Anders Dahlvig thinks that â€Å"culture has to have some baring on and support the business idea or very important part of a company ion the senses that the values of the culture really influence the business itself. †Some certain factors need to be much stronger in some of the countries like cost consciousness in China. commitment of the organization Organizational commitment have it's important place ,base on the knowledge f organizational culture we would know that corporate culture shapes people's behavior , and it had also brings big influence in organization, particularly in areas such as performance and commitment. Organizational Commitment is always known as the mentally strength of the attachment between an organizational and the employees, and also refer to the willingness of employee to put their time and energy to their corporate , other than the purely working relationship.According to Lahiry(1994), there was a model that organizational commitment is mixture with three element: affective, continence and nominative commitment that have brings lots of influence. According to Moradi, Hassan and Tohidy Ardahae ,affective commitment is build by three feature, that are belief and accept the organization's goals and value,willing to put effort to achieve the goals and value of the corporate and desire to maintain the membership of the corporate.Continence commitment is that how many the firm need to pay for if the employee leave the firm. Nominative commitment means that employees feelings about bound of remaining the firm. According to Lahiry(1994), â€Å"practitioners should pay special attention that defensive culture patten were found to be positively related to continence commitment. † A high scale of continence commitment may tired up the employee to the firm.In the example of IKEA, the CEO ,Anders Dahvig said that in different countries and market there are different of the values ,national boundaries is not the main attention, It is more about personal , some of the time the difference between one store and another can be even bigger than the store between one country and another, how is the individual managers doing is much more important, because of the different level of the commitment the employee hold, it really influence the culture.Putting attention on culture is to be fair when you are hiring people, you assess and choose a person, then when the operation go on, you will know that a typical of behavior will be prized and it is the way t o streamline . And employee can analyses if the value of the company is suitable for them or not. So the staff who leave are the people that having the organizational commitment . Overall performance For the organizational culture numbers of the research also show that to assume thepresence of a â€Å"strong† culture as a positive influence on orporate performance . According to Han(2012) , an analysis show that the impacts of types of organizational culture affects on corporate performance , showing that family-like clan culture and the entrepreneurial Adhocracy culture had a good influence on the growth of the financial performance. It also show that a strong ,appropriate culture brings effect on the financial performance . The relationship between them are direct, however it always bring effect of strategic orientation.So if the managers put more time and effort a much stronger culture it will improve there performance through increasing interest in culture that employees will like, so the organizational commitment will certainly increase. In IKEA, they allow lots of freedom depending on their employee that who they are and what their specific skills are basing on their core culture value and they had try to connect there culture with their company image, and they also wants the leaders in the IKEA , build up their own style basis on there organizational culture.They also build there selling points base on one of their culture-cost consciousness, they are not the traditional furniture company that had target their customers as middle age people, but on the young families and young people that has low financial foundation and the furniture has to be assemble by yourself. For Organizational commitment, according to Lam (2011), â€Å"that salespeople's dispositional competitiveness relates to their discretionary performance and that affective commitment mediates that relationship†.It had also provided more details evidence that competitive salesp eople commit more emotionally to their corporate when they think their work atmosphere to be more competitive. That study show that affective commitment is another mediator, which helps to clarification why competitive employee are willing to perform discretionary activities behalf of organizations and customers. That findings had show that hiring person that share the same value and goals with the organization is important and affective commitment helps to explain why competitive individuals make good employees.The impact of a competitive personality on affective commitment is always interrelated , it explain that competitive individuals feel emotionally attached to the organizations. In IKEA, there were a lot of co-workers in the company, but there are some turnover of staff that affected in the company, so IKEA need to hire 20,000 new staff into the firm every year , they should get training to met customer basis on the value of the firm, it help the firm to build up their cultur e strongly and connected them the corporate image.They are also selected during the recruitment that share the same value as IKEA, Increasing the organizational commitment ,so the firm can decrease the percentage of turnover and reduce the expense on training new staff , and the loyalty of the employee will improve . The relationship between employee and organization is not purely working relationship. IKEA also give questionnaire to their co-workers of the feeling of the firm , and try to improve the satisfy of their employees. ConclusionFor conclusion , strong organizational culture and organizational commitment have bring improvement to the overall performance of the firm , in management and financial . Strong organizational culture is the organizational culture that had been widely and deeply held by their employees , it help the corporate to improve their financial performance, For IKEA,they allow freedom to their leader to build their own management style basis on the value of their company ,they are also building their core value as there products selling points.Organizational commitment is a mentally strength of the attachment between the employee and the organization, it help the organization to decrease there staff turnover and reduce the expense on training, so strong organizational culture and Organizational commitment has increased the overall of the firm and people can understand much easily basing on the example of IKEA. References Daniel I. Prajogo, Christopher M.McDermott, (2011),†The relationship between multidimensional organizational culture and performance†, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 31 Iss: 7 pp. 712 – 735 Han, H. J. (2012). Corporate Culture, Strategic Orientation, and Financial Performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53  (3), 207– 219. Hassan, M. & Tohidy Ardahaey, F. (2012). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in  Organizational  Commitment  . social science r esearch network,  . Jesper, B. The Strength of Corporate Culture and the Reliability of Firnn Performance. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kling, K. & Goteman, I. (2003). IKEA CEO Anders Dahlvig on international growth and IKEA's unique corporate culture and brand identity. Academy o/ Management Executive, 17  (1). Lahiry, S. (1994). organization cultures, research studies Building organizational commitment through Organization culture. training and development, Lam (2011). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople's commitment and performance  .Journal of Business Research,  1328-1334. Lim, B. (1995). Examining the organizational culture and organizational performance link. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 16  (5), 16-21. Sun, S. (2008). Organizational Culture and Its Themes. International Journal Of Business and Management, 3  (1). Zabid, M. D. , Sambasivan, M. & Johari, J. , The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on perform ance. Journal of Management Development,  .

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, A Story of a Little Girl, Mary Frances Nolan

Betty Smith isn't well known for her many works, but the one book that almost everyone has heard about, is A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. In this novel she shows herself to be an author of great depth and knowledge; she gives us a peek into the complex human soul. This book gives great insight into life; it shows why many people strive to become someone better and how some people are able to move up to a better station in life even though there are tremendous odds and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn touches everyone's' hearts. It is about a little girl, Mary Frances Nolan (also known as Francie), growing up in the poorer part f Brooklyn with a drunken, singing waiter for a father. This father somehow always makes her feel so special and â€Å"normal†. She lives with her severely realistic mother, her father, and a brother(Neeley) who is privileged as the â€Å"favorite child†. Francie is treated poorly throughout school because she is so different and independent. Francie always kept to herself and was the silent studious type, which deepened the division between herself and the other of the At a very young age Francie learned how important money is as well as the division in society caused by money as well as education. Because of this division and Neeley's favoritism, Francie becomes the sole provider for the family after the her father's death. She goes to work straight after graduation from grade school and never gets to have the pleasure and luxury of a high school diploma, but that doesn't stop her from her dreams. Her dreams of moving up in the world, to a place were you don't have to worry about where your next meal comes from; a place where money doesn't necessarily make you rich. This may sound like a ridicules dream considering that today a high school diploma is mandatory for veryone. At this point in time; however, very few people, without wealth, were able to get a higher education or even be able to go to high school. Yet nothing can stop Francie from completing her dream. This wonderful book cuts right to the heart of life. It show the true American dream; the dream of higher education and a better and equal way of life for everyone. The novel tells this dream through one special girl who realizes that she can be and do better. If you don't read A Tree Grows in Brooklyn you will be denying yourself a rich experience of the true American dream.

Charles A. Lindbergh essays

Charles A. Lindbergh essays During the 1920s, one of the most exciting events that occurred was the solo flight made by Charles A. Lindbergh across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. He flew from New York to Paris and became very famous for this outstanding achievement. He was born in Detroit, Michigan on February 4, 1902 and grew up on a family farm in Rapid Falls, Minnesota (ThinkQuest). He was named after his father, Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Sr. who was a lawyer and a congressman for the state of Minnesota. His mothers name was Evangeling Land Lodge and he was the only child that she had. When Lindbergh was eighteen, he attended the University of Wisconsin where he studied mechanical engineering. During this time period, he became very interested in the field of aviation. He wanted to become a fighter pilot so he decided to join the United States Army in 1924. He accomplished his goal by graduating as the top pilot in his class. He was able to purchase his own airplane and used it to deliver mail from St. Louis to Chicago during the next six years (ThinkQuest). In his spare time, he performed as a stunt pilot during fairs. People perceived him as not being a very safe pilot (Two Legends of Aviation). In 1919, a New York City hotel owner named Raymond Orteig agreed to award twenty-five thousand dollars to the first man who could fly across the Atlantic Ocean non-stop. It was called the Orteig Prize. Many people took interest in his competition, which resulted in several of them becoming injured or worse yet dying by trying to win the prize. By 1926, Lindbergh took interest in the possibility of him being able to win the Orteig Prize (ThinkQuest). A year later, he was able to get the support of nine businessmen to sponsor him. If he could use just the right plane, he may have a chance at winning the prize. The plane that he would use was called the Spirit of St. Louis. He tested out the plane by flying it from San Di...

The Great Gatsby Summary

The Great Gatsby Summary F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby takes place among the New York elite during the Roaring Twenties. The story, told from the perspective of a naà ¯ve young narrator, focuses on a mysterious millionaire, the woman he loves, and the self-absorbed denizens of their wealthy neighborhood. Chapters 1-2 Nick Carraway, a World War I veteran and recent Yale graduate from the Midwest, moves to New York in the summer of 1922 to work as a bond salesman. He rents a small home on Long Island in the neighborhood of West Egg, which is largely populated by wealthy, self-made men. Nick is intrigued by Jay Gatsby, who lives in the lavish mansion next door. Gatsby is a mysterious recluse who throws massive parties but never makes an appearance at any of them. Across the bay, a distance away but directly across from Gatsby’s dock, there is a green light that seems to draw Gatsby’s attention. After settling in, Nick drives to the other side of the bay to the mirroring neighborhood of East Egg, where his flapper cousin Daisy Buchanan lives. Daisy is married to the arrogant and mean-spirited Tom Buchanan, a former college classmate of Nicks. Nick discovers that Daisys dock is the source of the green light. Daisy introduces Nick to her friend Jordan, a professional golfer who gives Nick a crash course in their social circle. Nick also learns that Tom is unfaithful to Daisy. Tom has a mistress named Myrtle Wilson who lives in the â€Å"valley of ashes- the stretch of land between West Egg and New York City, where poor workers live surrounded by industrial waste. Despite this new knowledge, Nick goes with Tom to New York City, where they attend a party at the apartment Tom stays in with Myrtle for their assignations. The party is hedonistic and crass, and the evening quickly devolves into a violent fight between Tom and Myrtle. After Myrtle repeatedly brings up Daisy, Toms barely concealed anger bubbles up and he hits Myrtle until he breaks her nose. Chapters 3-4 Nick finds himself at one of Gatsby’s parties, where he runs into Jordan and finally meets Gatsby himself. Both Jordan and Nick are taken aback at how young Gatsby is, and Nick is particularly surprised to realize that he and Gatsby served in the same division during the war. This shared history seems to generate unusual friendliness in Gatsby towards Nick. Jordan tells Nick what she knows of Gatsby’s past. She explains that, when Gatsby was a young military officer preparing to fight in Europe, Daisy was part of a group of debutantes doing volunteer work alongside the soldiers. The duo shared a flirtation, Gatsby fell in love, and Daisy promised to wait for him to return from the war. However, their different social backgrounds- Gatsby from humble origins, Daisy from a wealthy family- precluded a relationship, and Daisy ultimately met and married Tom. Jordan goes on to explain that ever since returning from the war and making a fortune, Gatsby has been throwing lavish parties in hopes of attracting Daisys attention from across the bay. So far, though, his plan has not worked, and he has been relegated to gazing at the green light on her dock. Over time, Nick begins dating Jordan, and Gatsby and Nick strike up a friendship. Despite their different life experiences and world views, Gatsby and Nick share an optimism that borders on naà ¯vetà ©. Since Nick is Daisy’s cousin, Gatsby uses their connection as a cover to arrange a meeting for himself with Daisy. Nick willingly agrees to the scheme and invites Daisy over to his house for tea, but doesn’t tell her that Gatsby will be there. Chapters 5-7 The reunion between Gatsby and Daisy is awkward and uncomfortable at first, but over the course of the summer, they begin a full-fledged affair. Gatsby confides in Nick that he wants Daisy to leave Tom for him; when Nick reminds him that they cant recreate their past, Gatsby insists that they can- and that money is the key. Daisy and Gatsby are successful in keeping the affair under wraps for a while, but one day, Daisy accidentally speaks about Gatsby in front of Tom. Tom immediately deduces that his wife is having an affair and flies into a rage. Tom uses Daisy as a weapon, telling Gatsby that he could never understand the kind of history that Tom has with Daisy. He also reveals the truth of how James Gatz, a poor officer, became Jay Gatsby, the millionaire: bootlegging alcohol and possibly other illegal dealing. Tom forces Daisy to make a choice then and there: him or Gatsby. Daisy insists that she has loved both men, but chooses to remain in her stable position married to Tom. She drives Gatsby back to Long Island in Gatsby’s car, while Tom drives with Nick and Jordan. This proves to be a fatal mistake. Myrtle, who recently had a fight with Tom, sees them driving by and runs out in front of Gatsby’s car, trying to catch Tom’s attention and reconcile with him. Daisy doesn’t stop in time and hits Myrtle, killing her. A panicked and distraught Daisy flees the scene, and Gatsby reassures her that he will take the blame for the accident. When Nick arrives and gets the details, he goes to check on Daisy. He finds Daisy and Tom calmly eating dinner together, apparently reconciled. Chapters 8-9 Nick returns to check on Gatsby, who mournfully tells him about his first, long-ago courtship of Daisy. Nick suggests that Gatsby leave the area alone, but Gatsby refuses. He says goodbye to Nick, who heads to work for the day. Myrtle’s suspicious husband George confronts Tom. George tells Tom that he believes the yellow car that killed Myrtle belonged to Myrtle’s lover. He explains that he has long suspected that Myrtle was unfaithful, but never figured out who she was having an affair with. Tom informs George that the yellow car belongs to Gatsby and gives him Gatsby’s address so that he can get his revenge. George goes to Gatsby’s home, shoots Gatsby, and kills himself. Nick organizes Gatsby’s funeral, but only three people attend: Nick, an anonymous partygoer, and Gatsby’s estranged father, who expresses pride in his late son’s achievements. Later, Nick runs into Tom, who openly admits to sending George Wilson to Gatsby. Tom says that Gatsby deserved to die, and he expresses more unhappiness about losing his apartment in the city than all the death and trauma. Having come face-to-face with the careless people of West Egg, Nick feels that the true â€Å"dreamers† have died along with Gatsby. He moves away and returns to the Midwest.