Tikal and the Mayan Civilization - 575 Words

Photo 1: Tikal Temple I This temple was one of the major structures at Tikal. Tikal is one of the largest cities during the Mayan civilization. This temple is also known as the Temple of the Great Jaguar. It was called this because it shows a king sitting upon a jaguar throne. This specific temple was limestone pyramid structure. It was created around 732 AD. This building was created on the east side of the Great Plaza in Tikal. The structure was a funerary temple for a ruler during the classical period. The tomb of the ruler has been located in side of the structure. This type of temple raised nine stepped levels. This is supposed to symbolize the nine levels of the underworld. The pyramid was a shrine of the ruler and a cared wooden lintel. The lintels were carved from a sapodilla wood and painted red. The front had stone blocks carved to represent the figure of the king. This was a royal tomb for Jasaw Chan K’awiil I. The tomb was discovered in a large chamber within the pyramid and below the level of the Great Plaza. Tikal was once a city with around 90,000 people. This civilization was created during the â€Å"Classical† period of the Mayan civilization. Photo 2: Waist pendant of a Queen Mother, from Benin, Nigeria The Queen mother was also known as Queen Idia. She was the mother of Esigie, who ruled from 1504 to 1550. Idia played an important role in the rise and reign of her son. Idia was a strong warrior. As the mother of the king she had no other children. ThisShow MoreRelatedCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words   |  5 PagesCollapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. (Cartwright) Within this war there were also the battles that were going on within its civilization, the offerings that they made to their gods, and the campaigns to resist the Spanish conquest. In the beginning the Mayans were thoughtRead MoreThe Mayan Civilization : An Advanced Society, Rich And Full Extraordinary Architecture1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mayan civilization was an advanced society, rich and full extraordinary architecture with a prodigious complexity of patterns and variety of expressions, that flourished in Mesoamerica. They were skilled architects and engineers, building phenomenal cities out of primarily limestone that still remains standing a thousand years after their civilization. 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Ops 571 Week 4 Team Free Essays

Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan OPS/571 November 1, 2012 Zachary Burk Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is a fortune 1000 company with revenues in excess of $1 billion (University of Phoenix, 2012). This wholly owned company is a global plastics manufacturer that employs 550 people with annual earnings of $46 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Ops 571 Week 4 Team or any similar topic only for you Order Now Riordan has a reputation for being an industry leader in the industry of polymer materials and has various clout heavy clients such as the Department of Defense and major automotive companies. The company recently went global by relocating its Michigan operation of fan manufacturing to China. This paper will explain lean production and capacity planning for the new process design and supply chain process for Riordan. Strategic Capacity Planning The goal of strategic capacity planning for Riordan Manufacturing’s is to maximize the level of output and return of investment. Riordan Manufacturing’s should create a small sister plant to China in Michigan. If we are able to create a scaled down version of the plastic molding machines from the China plant, the plastic polymers safety storage from this facility can become the regular shipment to the Michigan facility. By creating the Michigan mini-facility Riordan Manufacturing could shift the smaller customized fan orders manufacturing and excess polymer inventory from the Hangzhou facility. By reinvesting in the Michigan facility and the United States economy, Riordan Manufacturing will be better equipped to meet the clients demanding more from Riordan’s Pontiac, Michigan location. It is clear that the China plant sustains an efficient delivery rate and maintains ample safety stock of polymer material. The Hangzhou China plant has a sufficient supply of plastic polymer because the raw material can be purchased locally. â€Å"Customers normally negotiate their yearly requirements for fans in order to obtain the lowest price. They then provide periodic release orders for smaller quantities against the yearly total throughout the year† (University of Phoenix, 2012). As a manufacturer, Riordan machine hours per shift prove profitable when the number of units per shift performs at optimal levels. The China plant has processes that can be utilized within the company in different ways to encourage increased utilization and productivity at the Michigan plant in the United States. In addition, the China facility has a reliable shipping process that makes shipping the assembled or any raw material to the United States facility seamless. Lean Production Riordan Manufacturing operates a plastics plant in Hangzhou, China that acts as a decentralized unit of Riordan Manufacturing and produces electric fans (University of Phoenix, 2012). Lean Production for Riordan Manufacturing new process design will be done by making sure that they are providing quality products and services. Riordan Manufacturing is a leading name in the field of plastic injection molding. A new process design is needed for manufacturing facilities in China. All of their products are shipped to customers, which are expected to be restricted within a timeframe that could lead to a bottleneck. The lean production process will be provided in the new process design improvements that will take the company to a better stage of production and coordination. Riordan should evaluate their review process to make sure that the changes that are needed are in accordance to the data collected from the post project review. Important questions are helpful in improving lean production and improving efficiencies. Lean production requires Riordan manufacturing to implement production strategies that are often an issue for this company. The issues with the current process will be improved through suggestions. Supply Chain Processes Local procurement of materials provides an ease in production at the plant in Hangzhou. Costs are one area that attention is paid so that they can be kept within reason ensuring an affordable product. Throughout the process careful negotiations must be done to ensure there are adequate materials as well as manpower to fulfill the orders that have been placed by customers. The plant has the ability to produce a large amount of stock fans as well as special order merchandise. With specialty orders the process for procurement shift slightly because of the unique nature of the order and the variety of materials that may be used as well. With the procurement of the polymer done locally this also expedites the production process simply because logistics will not be an issue. The necessary machinery for manufacturing is onsite for quick manufacturing times that can quickly move into the production lines for assembly. Assembly leads way into storage for sales. Orders can be filled at the plant as well as shipped directly to the buyer both within China and internationally. Depending on the final destination of the merchandise there are multiple companies that are used to ensure the fastest shipping time to the buyer. Potential trouble could arise if there was difficulty in procuring polymer. If this were to occur Riordan would have to locate the materials that can be transported to the plant to ensure there is no slow in the process. Also if this does become an issue there must be ample stock kept on hand to ensure the plant does not run out of the main item used in the manufacturing process. Conclusion Riordan will face challenges with taking its electric fan operation global. The organization will be to implement carefully planned strategic processes to ensure the success of this transition. Being mindful of their output levels and creating a mini facility in the United States will increase Riordan’s efficiency. By creating lean production processes and utilizing the organization’s local resources for its polymer materials will assist the company in sustaining performance and maintaining the competitive advantage. References University of Phoenix: Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. (2012). Retrieved October 28, 2012 from University of Phoenix website: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/index. html How to cite Ops 571 Week 4 Team, Papers

Concept of Separate Legal Entity and Consequences of Corporate Personality free essay sample

Discuss the concept of separate legal entity and consequences of corporate personality on a company; as part of the discussion present your opinion whether the judiciary can ignore the rule of separate corporate personality and how the said rule will affect group of companies. Under the concept of separate legal entity, a company will becomes a body corporate that exists separately with its owner and distinct from its individual members and directors. In others word, the corporation is an entity just like human being created using legal and official purpose. A company once created by the law can only be destroyed by the process of law. The company exist in its own capacity and does business, generate revenues, incur losses, hire employees and pay for its own tax. It is better to recognize the company as a separate entity because the owners can enjoy the limited liability and risk based on their investment in stock. However, under this concept, the company is treated in its own capacity. It is not human, not a machine, and it cannot operate by itself. Therefore, it must need a group of people of different capacity to manage it ethically and represent it in theirs vested authorities. The separate legal entity has its roots in the landmark case of the English House of Lord in Salomon v. A Salomon amp; Co Ltd. Aron Salomon is a leather merchant and wholesale boot manufacturer trading on his sole account. In year 1892, he decided to change his business to a limited company. The company purchase the business for ? 39,000 and ? 0,000 was being transferred into the business as fully paid shares. ?10,000 was paid in debentures and ? 1,000 was received by Aron Salomon to discharge the debts and liabilities during the purchase. A year after its incorporation, the company become insolvent and went into liquidation. The company was set out by the way of counterclaim, inter alia, so that the company was entitled to be indemnified by Aron Salomon against all debt of the company. The court held that Aron Salomon is not personally liable to pay to the creditors. The company is a independent person in law and not a trustee or agent. Therefore it is liable for the liability itself. There are a few consequences incurred based on the independent legal entity theory. A company is a body corporate and is capable of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company. A company is also capable of suing and being sued. As a company is incorporates under the Act, it will automatically has the perpectual succession, its own common seal and the power to hold land. Corporate personality allow one corporate to act as a single entity for legal purpose. The corporate personality allow the company to sue and being sued, enter into contracts, incur debt and own a property. The corporate personality is not absolute and it can be treated as the rights or responsibilities of the directors or the shareholders by â€Å"piercing the corporate veil†. The effect of the theory of independent legal entity is the property of the company which is a going concern belongs to it and not to its individual members, directors or the shareholders. The principal of law can be related to an English case of Macaura v. Northern Assurance Company Ltd amp; Ors. The appellant sold the whole timber estate to a company called Irish Canadian Sawmills Ltd. And received pay of 42,000 fully paid shares of ? 1 each in the company. After the sale, the appellant bought an insurance policy in his own name in covering against the fire on the timber of the estate. After that, the greater part of the estate caught fire but the respondent refuse to pay the appellant by argued that he had no insurable interest towards the estate. Finally, when the appellant appealed, the court held that a sole shareholder has insurable interest towards the company. Applying the theory of independent legal entity, it is held in the case of Lee v. Lee’s Air Farming Ltd that the governing director of one company can validly employ himself as the employee of the company. Lee started a company called â€Å"Lee’s Air Farming Ltd†. Lee held all the shares of the company except one and he employed himself in this company. Next, Lee bought a insurance policies for the benefits of the employees included himself. Lee was killed in a plane crush and his wife claimed the compensation for the personal injury caused to the workers by the reason of employment accident. The claim was opposed by the company stated that Lee cannot be the governing director and the employee at the same time so that he is not liable for the compensation. The court held that the position of lee as the governing director did not stop him to enter an employment contract with the company. Therefore, Lee’s wife is liable for the claim of compensation. However, the rule of separate corporate personality can be open to abuse and can in certain situations lead to harsh injustice. Therefore, to solve this problem, the judge can lifting the veil of incorporation where those who are responsible will be held personally liable for the acts of the company. For example, a director resigned from a company and signed a contract to not compete with the company he just left for a period of time. If he set up a company to compete with the previous company within the period of time, technically is the company competing but not the person. In this case, the court may held that the establish of the new company is a fraud and the formal company may take action on the person for breach of contract. As a result, the court would look beyond the legal fiction to the reality of situation. There are some circumstances where the corporate veil can be lifted by the Act. One of the circumstances is reduction of members below the statutory minimum, which is less than two. Section 14(1) states that incorporation of company requires two or more persons to register their name to the memorandum. The corporate veil might be lifted even if the number of members fall below two, the company still have an independent legal existence. However, the members remained in the company will still liable for the debts of company under section 36. It is only that the members remain after 6 months after the business started can be sued and liable to the payment of debts. The second circumstance is offence relating to financial assistance to purchase shares. Financial assistance is assistance given by the company on the purchase of its own share or the shares of its holding companies. Once the company or the other people constituted an offence under section 67, the privilege of limited liability of members may be lost. The court may order the convicted person to pay compensation to the company once the company suffered a loss or damage as a result of constitution of offence. Basicly, section 67 involves some prohibitions related to any way of lending, purchasing and dealing of the company own shares by any financial assistance. Next, the third circumstance is signing of bill of exchange or other similar documents. This circumstance states that when any negotiable documents or any endorsement signed by the officer or any person on behalf of company without mention the company name or formal name, then the person should be liable to the holder of the instrument and also the order of amount. The liability of the officer will not arise when the company paid the amount. Then, the forth circumstance would be issuing of share by directors. Section 132D prohibits the directors from exercising any power of the company to issue shares without any prior approval of the company in the general meeting. Besides, no provision in memorandum or any article of the company can overwrite the statutory prohibition. When such prohibition applied, any shares issued under it will be void and recoverable of the shares will be given consideration. The directors involved will be liable for the compensation of loss or damage. The recovery must be proceed within three years from the date of issues under the provisions of Limitation Act 1953. Besides, wrongful trading is also one of the circumstances where the corporate veil can be lifted by the Act. If an officer of company cause any proceedings against the company or the course of winding up the company, the officer may be guilty for an offence under the section 303(3). The knowledge of the officer must be tested at the time when the debt was contracted. When the officer has been convicted to be offense under Section 303(3), the court may order the officer to personally liable to unlimited liabilities for the repayment of part or wholly the debt. On the other hand, fraudulent trading can lifted the corporate veil. If any business of the company was carried out with intention to defraud creditors of the company or other person or for other fraudulent purpose. In such condition. The court may order the party which carried out the business to be personal liable to any debts or other liabilities of the company without limitations. The application here can be made by liquidator or creditor or contributor of the company. The last circumstance that can lift the company veil is payment of dividends out of capital. The company is not allowed to pay the dividends to its members out of the share capital. Section 60 states that all dividends can only be paid as part of profits. The directors or officers that pays or permits to pay the dividend, was liable to the creditors of the company. In terms of common law, a contract entered with enemy alien is void for illegality as it is against public policy. The court can lift the corporate veil during war time to investigate whether the company is enemy alien or not. If one company is controlled by enemy alien, it is incapable for suing since the trading which was made by the company might be illegal. In the case of Daimler Co Ltd v. Continental Tyre and Rubber Company(Great Britain) Ltd. CTR is incorporate in England but all the shares of the company were held by Germans except one is for the British secretary. Besides, the directors were German residents. During the war between England and German, an action was taken to pay for the trade debts. The issue occurred whether CTR can sue and recover a debt in the period of war. The court held that CTR was a enemy alien company and stated that CTR is incapable of suing and payment of debts as it is illegal against the public policy. To determine the control of company, number of enemy alien shareholders and the value of their shareholding is ascertained. Some of the company use the Salomon principle to commit fraud. As in the case of Aspatra Sdn Bhd amp; 21 Ors. V. Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd amp; Anor ,Lorrain Osman is the director of first respondent and the chairman of the board of directors of the second respondent. He was sued by the respondents that he made secret profit in breach of duty as the director of both respondent. Mareva injunction and Anton Piller order is held on Lorrain Osman. The appellant company was held that it can lift the corporate veil so that the assets of the appellant companies could be held or deemed to be the assets of Lorrain Osman. The third conditions is avoidance of contractual covenants. Independent legal entity cannot be used to circumvent his contractual obligations owed to the other party to the contact. When the new company was set up, this condition will help to make sure that the setting up of the company is not for the purpose of avoiding contract. In the case of Gilford Motor Co Ltd v. Horne amp; Anor, E. B Horne was a Managing director of Gilford Motor Co. once his employment end, he signed a contract in which he would not do any business which same line with the Gilford motor Co. fter leaving the company. This is to prevent any customers of Gilford motor Co from being solicit or entice away. After Horne’s employment had terminated, he formed a limited company under his wife name, which is in the same line of business with Gliford Motor Co. Therefore, the court held that the action is try to entice away the customer and Horne is committing breach of contract. The theory of independent legal entity in group enterprise is hard to applied and described because the holding-subsidiary relationship can be quite complex nowsaday. Most of the formation of group enterprise may due to reasons like commerce or legal sanctity and it is being formed as a network of holdings, cross-holding and circular-holdings. However, the company law states that each company in a group is a separate legal entity. It means that the company posses its own rights and liabilities independently. In the other words, when an individual holds most of the shares in a company, he will get control on the company but the business carry out by the company is not his business. There are some cases applying the principal of independent legal entity in group enterprise such as Goh Hooi Yin v. Lim Teong Ghee. The plaintiff made an application from court in order to inspect the accounts and take copies of all entries in bank book of its sister companies in assuming that those companies are â€Å"one and consist of same directors and identical Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association. The court refuse to accept the applications because it judged that the court must exercise great with such matters. The Act is not always ignore the group phenomenon, instead, the Act is start to more focus on the relationship between the holding-subsidiary relationship and imposed restrictions in their dealings with each other. Same as the single independent company, the corporate veil also can be pierced in some circumstances. When the corporate veil is lifted, the companies in the same group enterprise will be treated as single economic unit. In the case of Hotel jaya Puri Bhd v. National Union of Hotel, Bar amp; Restourant Workers and Anor, the hotel appealed that the award of court as an compensation to the restaurant workers employed by the subsidiary of the hotel. The court found out that both the company was under the Managing director, who has authority to control the employees. Therefore, the hotel is in law with the employees as they were employed by the restaurant and they had no violence to the principle of separate entity as illustrated in Salomon case. So the court held that the hotel and the restaurant are under a single entity. The following case which illustrated the piercing of corporate veil is the case of Tiu Shi Kian amp; Anor v. Red Rose Restaurant Sdn Bhd. The plaintiff operates â€Å"Golden Million Cabaret amp; Night Club† in the Red Rose Restaurant Sdn Bhd (Red Rose) in the Hotel Shangri-La owned by Hotel Berjaya Sdn Bhd (Hotel Berjaya). During the renewal of tenancy, The plaintiff get a injunction to prevent the Red Rose from interfere the business. The order is served on Albert Teo chin Kion and Datuk Hong Kim Sui which are the executive and managing director respectively besides the role of directors in Hotel Berjaya. The premises was locked and the plaintiff take legal action on them. It was argued that Hotel Berjaya ha locked the Night Club instead of Red Rose. The court held that the Hotel Berjaya and Red Rose are under a single legal entity and the breach is being recognized. References http://syarikat.tripod.com/essential1.html